<p>St Monicas Old Cathedral is a heritage-listed former Roman Catholic cathedral at Minnie Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Lawrence and Lordan and was built in 1927 by Michael Garvey. It is also known as St Monicas Cathedral and St Monica&#39;s Church & School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Monicas Old Cathedral was erected in 1927 as St Monicas Church-School, replacing an earlier church and school demolished in the cyclone of 9 February 1927.</p><br>
<p>Cairns was established in October 1876, as a port to service the Hodgkinson goldfields. In the same year the area from Cardwell to Cape York was separated from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brisbane as the Pro-Vicariate of North Queensland. In 1884 three Irish Augustinian fathers took charge of the Pro-Vicariate, establishing a priory at Cooktown, and in 1885 they founded the parish of St Monicas at Cairns. An acre of land bounded by Abbott, Minnie and Lake Streets was acquired and the first St Monicas Church, a timber building at the corner of Abbott and Minnie Streets, was opened on 10 January 1886. A school fronting Minnie Street opened at the beginning of the 1890 school year - staffed initially by lay teachers, but from October 1892 by Sisters of Mercy from St Marys Convent in Cooktown, who established a foundation in Cairns. In 1906 the Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown moved his residence to Cairns, which had eclipsed Cooktown as the principal port of far North Queensland, and at this time St Monicas Church acquired the status of pro-cathedral.</p><br>
<p>The first St Monicas church and school were destroyed in Cyclone Willis of 9 February 1927. Plans for a cathedral had to be abandoned as appeals were launched locally and in southern dioceses for reconstruction funds. Lawrence and Lordan, architects of Cairns, designed a building to function as both church and school. In the interim, mass was held at the Palace Picture Theatre, and the convent school was conducted at the Irish Associations Hibernian Hall.</p><br>
<p>Tenders for the new church-school at the corner of Minnie and Lake Streets were called in March 1927. The contract was let to Cairns builder Michael Garvey, who completed the large, reinforced concrete building, officially opened on 16 October 1927, in about 7 months. The ground floor - 110 feet by 58 feet divided by folding doors - contained the school. The upper storey housed the church, including the altar from the first St Monica&#39;s Church.</p><br>
<p>The design used Gothic motifs, had spacious surrounding verandahs, and was much admired. The building was well ventilated, seated 900, and cost nearly £9,000 to erect. With new seating the total cost was over £10,000, and its construction illustrated the strength of the Catholic Church in the Cairns district in the 1920s. The effects of the February 1927 cyclone, followed almost immediately by flood damage, a severe trade depression, and waterfront disputes affecting the city&#39;s building industry, did not deter the predominantly working-class Catholic community of Cairns from raising within 8 months nearly £5,000 toward the re-construction. The local parish priest, Father Phelan, raised a working-bee of 40 men who for months gave their spare time to clearing the debris of the church and school destroyed in the February cyclone. The rapid construction was a tribute to the zeal of the Augustinian fathers, especially Father Phelan, and the enthusiasm they inspired in the parish.</p><br>
<p>St Monicas Church and School was erected during the third major phase of Cairns development, which saw the city boom in the 1920s and 1930s. The Cairns hinterland Soldier Settlement Schemes of the 1920s, the completion of the North Coast rail link to Brisbane in 1924, the continued success of the local sugar industry, the expansion of wharf facilities, the extensive re-building necessitated by a spate of cyclones in the 1920s and the poor condition of earlier timber structures, combined to produce unprecedented building activity in Cairns. The city centre in particular was dominated until the 1980s by substantial, reinforced concrete and brick structures of the interwar period, and in this respect was markedly different from other 19th century-established Queensland towns and cities.</p><br>
<p>On 8 July 1941 the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown was raised to the status of Diocese of Cairns with Dr John Heavey (Vicar Apostolic since 1914) as the first Bishop of Cairns. At this time St Monicas Church became St Monicas Cathedral, and imposing front stairs were added to the Minnie Street facade. Prior to this, entry was from two sets of stairs on the Lake Street elevation.</p><br>
<p>In July 1968 St Monicas War Memorial Cathedral was opened, and the former St Monicas Cathedral ceased functioning as a church. The altar and Bishops Chair were removed to the new cathedral and a stage was erected at the southern end of the former nave, which currently accommodates St Monicas School gymnasium. In the late 1960s and early 1970s St Monicas School became exclusively a secondary school for girls. New school buildings were erected fronting Lake Street and the lower level of St Monicas Old Cathedral, formerly the convent school, was refurbished as Diocesan and parish offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Monica&#39;s Old Cathedral, located at the corner of Lake and Minnie Streets, is a two-storeyed, reinforced concrete building with timber floors and gabled roof structure. It has a rectangular floor plan with projecting porches at the west elevation and runs parallel to Lake Street and is set back from Minnie Street.</p><br>
<p>A pair of concrete arched pedestrian gates surmounted with Celtic crosses in low relief are located in Minnie Street each side of a vehicle crossing to the site. This gateway leads across an asphalt forecourt to a wide stair to the first floor entrance erected. The stair has slotted balustrades and a landing that leads left and right to colonnaded porticos at first floor level. These porticos have stepped gables on three sides with large Celtic crosses in relief on each side. At the top of the main stair are located double entrance doors which have a raised stepped plain pediment with Celtic cross supported on piers with Doric-styled half capitals. Beside these, piers rise into a semi-circular arch, which has below it and above the entrance door, a glazed roundel. Above the arch is a small lancet window. Round-headed casement windows are located each side of the arch.</p><br>
<p>At the top of the main stair are double entrance doors which have a raised stepped plain pediment with Celtic cross supported on piers with Doric styled half capitals. Beside these, piers rise into a semicircular arch, which has below it and above the entrance door, a glazed roundel. Above the arch is a small lancet window. Each side of the arch are located round-headed casement windows. Access to the first floor was originally via a pair of timber dog leg stairs on the south elevation from Lake Street. These stairs led to double doors with timber porches with gable roofs over.</p><br>
<p>The western wall terminates at the first floor in a projecting gable with a coping. The gable terminates with squared piers finished with gable caps. The north and south walls have a high parapet that is finished in a wide castellation with regularly spaced piers which stop short of the top of the parapet and are finished with a gabled cap. At first floor level are large square aluminium windows with louvres which replaced paired timber casement windows with lancet hoppers. At ground floor level on the southern and northern elevations the segmental arched colonnades have been infilled with aluminium joinery. East elevation has a matching gable to west end, with small lancet windows at high level between squared piers. There are three louvred windows symmetrically positioned at first floor level and below this three casement windows with hoppers over.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor which was originally divided into classrooms has original walls remaining but the spaces have in part been subdivided to suit new functional arrangements. The panelled ceilings with deep timber floor beams projecting below them.</p><br>
<p>The original cathedral space that extends over the entire first floor area has utilitarian detailing, with timber supporting columns with lancet arches between them, dividing the main space from aisles on each side. At the western end of each aisle are located double entrance doors with semi-circular heads that open out to the double-storeyed porticos. A raised timber gallery extends between the aisles over the main entrance; this is accessed by a steep timber stair and supported by timber posts with decorated brackets. The aisle ceilings are clad in narrow tongue and groove boarding and the ceiling over the former nave is divided into large panels with the same detailing. Wrought iron tension rods from the roof trusses are suspended below the ceiling. There is a stage at the east end of the former nave.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Monica&#39;s Old Cathedral was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Monicas Old Cathedral is significant as the first Roman Catholic cathedral in Cairns, 1948-1968, and for its close association with Catholic worship and education in Cairns since 1927. It is also evidence of the re-building of Cairns in the 1920s and 1930s, during which period the citys status as the principal port of Far North Queensland was consolidated and the city centre was re-built. It also illustrates a tradition of building in re-inforced concrete, favoured in cyclone-prone Cairns since the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Despite some internal and external refurbishment, St Monica&#39;s Old Cathedral survives substantially intact. It remains a good example of a type of combined church and school design favoured by the Catholic Church in the interwar period, and is of interest for its re-inforced concrete construction, considered more cyclone-proof than masonry, and adaptations to a tropical climate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Together with the nearby Bishops House, St Josephs Convent and St Monicas High School Administration Building, St Monicas Old Cathedral is part of a grouping of pre-1945 20th century buildings which, both individually and as a group, make a significant aesthetic contribution to the Cairns townscape, and contribute markedly to the city&#39;s sense of physical identity and history. They form a highly intact ecclesiastical group, and are important in illustrating the evolution of the Catholic Church and Catholic education in Cairns and district.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association for residents and visitors alike with the earlier development of Cairns, and has a strong and special association for the Catholic parish of St Monica&#39;s, with the evolution of their parish and the elevation of Cairns to a cathedral city in 1941.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important for its association with the work of Cairns architects Lawrence and Lordan, with the work of the Augustinian fathers in the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown (in particular Bishop Heavey and Father Phelan), and with the work of the Sisters of Mercy in expanding Catholic education in north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Bishops House is a heritage-listed former Roman Catholic monastery and now bishops residence at Abbott Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Father Joseph Phelan and built in 1930 by Michael Garvey. It is also known as St Monica&#39;s Monastery/Priory. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Bishops House at Cairns, a two-storeyed reinforced concrete building, was erected in 1930 as a monastery for the Augustinian fathers who administered the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown, and St Monicas Parish in Cairns. It replaced an 1887 timber presbytery.</p><br>
<p>Cairns was established in October 1876, as a port to service the Hodgkinson goldfields. In the same year the area from Cardwell to Cape York was separated from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Brisbane as the Pro-Vicariate of North Queensland. In 1884 three Irish Augustinian fathers took charge of the Pro-Vicariate, establishing a monastery at Cooktown, and founding the parish of St Monicas at Cairns in 1885. An acre of land bounded by Abbott, Minnie and Lake Streets was acquired and the first St Monicas Church, a timber building at the corner of Abbott and Minnie Streets on the site of the present Bishops House, was opened on 10 January 1886. In 1887, the year in which the Pro-Vicariate of North Queensland was constituted the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown, a timber presbytery was erected in Abbott Street, adjacent to St Monicas Church. In 1906, the Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown moved his residence to Cairns, which had eclipsed Cooktown as the principal port of far north Queensland, and St Monica&#39;s Church became a pro-cathedral.</p><br>
<p>St Monicas Monastery was erected during a flurry of Catholic building activity in Cairns, which included St Monicas Church-School in 1927, St Augustines College in 1929, St Monicas Monastery in 1930 and Our Lady of Good Counsel Church-School (North Cairns) in 1936. The work was undertaken principally at the instigation of Father Joseph Phelan, transferred from Mareeba to Cairns to help with the re-construction of St Monica&#39;s Church and School following the devastating Cyclone Willis of 9 February 1927. Father Phelan had a knowledge of architecture, and appears to have designed the college, monastery and church-school at North Cairns.</p><br>
<p>The old St Monicas presbytery was demolished June–July 1930, and by the time the foundation stone of the new monastery was laid by the Bishop of Townsville on 31 August 1930, the exterior walls were half completed. The building was officially opened on 21 December 1930 by Archbishop James Duhig of Brisbane, who described it as "the finest episcopal residence in Australia". The design is attributed to Father Phelan, who supervised construction along with Cairns builder Michael Garvey, who had constructed St Monicas Church-School in 1927 and St Augustines College in 1929. The monastery was erected in less than 6 months, using day labour and Father Phelans volunteer week-end working-bee. The plumbing and electrical work was contributed free of charge, and an altar for the oratory was donated as a memorial to a former parishioner. The staircase reputedly was donated by the English family of Malanda, who owned a sawmilling business. Total cost was about £7,430.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the new Augustinian monastery in Cairns illustrated the strength of the Catholic Church in the Cairns district in the 1920s. The effects of the February 1927 cyclone, followed by flood damage, a severe trade depression, and waterfront disputes affecting the city&#39;s building industry, did not deter the predominantly working-class Catholic community of Cairns from contributing funds and labour. The rapid construction was a tribute to the zeal of the Augustinian Fathers at Cairns, particularly Father Phelan, and the enthusiasm they inspired in the local parish.</p><br>
<p>St Monicas Monastery was erected during the third major phase of Cairns development, which saw the city boom in the 1920s and 1930s. The Cairns hinterland Soldier Settlement Schemes of the 1920s, the completion of the North Coast rail link to Brisbane in 1924, the continued success of the local sugar industry, the expansion of wharf facilities, the extensive re-building necessitated by a spate of cyclones in the 1920s and the poor condition of earlier timber structures, combined to produce unprecedented building activity in Cairns. The city centre in particular was dominated until the 1980s by substantial, reinforced concrete and brick structures of the interwar period, and in this respect was markedly different from other 19th century-established Queensland towns and cities.</p><br>
<p>In 1941 the Vicariate of Cooktown was raised to the status of the Diocese of Cairns, with Bishop John Heavey - Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown since 1914 - appointed the first Bishop of Cairns. At this time St Monicas Monastery became known as the Bishops House. Bishop Heavey was the last of the Augustinian Bishops in the Diocese of Cairns. Following his death in mid-1948, administration of the Diocese was handed over to Diocesan clergy, severing an association with the Irish Augustinians which had lasted over 65 years. From this period, the Augustinian priests began to scale down their involvement in pastoral care in the Diocese, and were replaced mostly with Queensland-born priests trained at the Seminary in Banyo, Brisbane. The Bishop&#39;s House remains the residence of the Bishop of Cairns.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Bishop&#39;s House, situated at the corner of Abbott and Minnie Streets, is a two-storeyed building constructed in reinforced concrete in a style reminiscent of colonial India. It has a rectangular plan form with a wide open verandah along Abbott Street. Verandahs that return halfway down the southeast and northwest elevations have been enclosed. A toilet block extends at the western corner and a rear verandah has been enclosed. A two-storeyed s addition extends from the southern corner of the building.</p><br>
<p>A fence contemporary with the construction of the building survives along Abbott Street and returns down Minnie Street. It consists of a low concrete wall with evenly spaced piers and "Cyclone" chain mesh infill panels running up to paired concrete gate posts in line with entrances at Abbott and Minnie Streets.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Street facade is equally proportioned in three sections with the centre section projecting. These sections are divided into three bays by rectangular columns which have between them at ground floor level a recessed four-centred arch valance and at first floor heavy scrolled brackets. The verandahs at both levels have a partially solid balustrade with shaped square section balusters. Above the verandah is a heavy dentilled cornice with parapet with blind balusters.</p><br>
<p>The entrance is accentuated at parapet level by a statue of the Virgin Mary in a niche formed by columns supporting a heavy semi-circular pediment. Above this and behind the parapet rises a small gable with a heavy coping. This gable is repeated at the ends of the building along the Abbott Street elevation. The roof which employs both hip and gable forms is clad in corrugated fibrous cement sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The rear elevation has three sash casement window frames with small hoppers over located between the symmetrical concrete frame and enclosing a rear verandah. Windows at ground level have window hoods supported on decorative timber brackets.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance to the building is up wide concrete steps to a timber porch which has a heavy timber paneled door with lead-lighted side panels. This detailing is repeated at the entrance door and again in a dividing wall or screen across the foyer. Beyond this screen is a secondary foyer which has a heavy timbered silky oak stair with Edwardian detailing.</p><br>
<p>The floor plan is designed around a central hall on both levels that typically have French doors opening onto the verandahs. To the right of the main foyer at ground level is what is now a conference room. A small chapel is located in the southern corner of the ground floor in which is situated a white painted timber altar. Other ground floor rooms are now used as offices. The first floor landing extends across the width of the building through a colonnade to the rear verandah which has a single stair to the ground floor. A later suspended ceiling has been installed in this area. To the right of the first floor landing the original Bishop&#39;s suite exists in the western corner along Minnie Street. This was extended when the western verandah was enclosed.</p><br>
<p>The detailing of the doors and windows is Edwardian in clear finished silky oak. Doors are both panelled with patterned opaque hopper over lights or half glass with panelling below. Ceilings are plaster with simple coved cornices and floors are polished timber.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop&#39;s House is very intact.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Bishop&#39;s House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bishops House survives as important evidence of the re-building of Cairns in the 1920s and 1930s, during which period the citys status as the principal port of Far North Queensland was consolidated and the city centre was re-built. It also illustrates a tradition of building in re-inforced concrete, favoured in cyclone-prone Cairns since the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Together with St Monica&#39;s Old Cathedral, these buildings form a highly intact ecclesiastical group, and are important in illustrating the evolution of the Catholic Church in Cairns and district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Despite some minor refurbishment, the Bishop&#39;s House survives substantially intact. It remains a fine example of a monastery building designed to function in a tropical climate, and is of interest for its re-inforced concrete construction, considered more cyclone-proof than masonry.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Together with the nearby St Josephs Convent and St Monicas High School Administration Building, Bishops House is part of a grouping of pre-1945 20th century buildings which, although of different styles, are all of similar scale, materials and planning. Both individually and as a group, these buildings make a significant aesthetic contribution to the Cairns townscape and Abbott Street streetscape, and contribute markedly to the citys sense of physical identity and history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong association for residents and visitors alike with the earlier development of Cairns, and has a strong and special association for the Catholic parish of St Monica&#39;s, with the evolution of their parish and Diocese.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Bishop&#39;s House is important also for its close association with the work of the Augustinian fathers, particularly Father Phelan (parish priest of Cairns 1927-37), in the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown / Diocese of Cairns.</p><br>
<p>The Algernon Bangs House is a historic house at 16 East Chestnut Street in Augusta, Maine. Built in 1892, it is a distinctive and idiosyncratic exhibition of Queen Anne architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982, and now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bangs House stands in eastern Augusta, on the south side of Chestnut Street, a short way east of the Kennebec Pediatrics medical center. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a clipped gable roof, foundation of brick and stone, and exterior finished in wooden clapboards and shingles. The front (north-facing) facade is two bays wide, with a single-story porch wrapping around to both sides. The porch has a spindled valance, turned posts, and carved brackets, and a balustrade covered by scalloped shingles. The windows on the upper levels are of unusual sizes and shapes, including two small square windows and a triangular fixed-pane window just below the clipped gable. The west facade faces St. Catherine Street, and is dominated by a three-story tower topped by a pyramidal roof with flared lower section.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1892 for Algernon Sydney Bangs, a native of Farmington who made his fortune in the construction of doors and windows. Bangs was somewhat eccentric, and the house&#39;s unusual elements may have the result of his input to its design. (Bangs predicted in 1897 that "flying machines will eventually become modes of public conveyance".) The house was purchased in 1922 by Augusta General Hospital as housing for nurses, and now houses professional medical offices.</p><br>
<p>The Marble Bridge, formally known as the Fletcher D. Proctor Memorial Bridge, carries Main Street across Otter Creek in the center of Proctor, Vermont. Built in 1915 and widened in 1935-36, it is a well-preserved example of early concrete bridge construction, and is decoratively faced in local marble. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Marble Bridge is one of a few bridges crossing Otter Creek in Proctor. It connects the village center on the west side of the creek, with mainly residential areas to the east, and provides access to United States Route 7, which runs north-south further to the east. The bridge consists of three concrete arch spans, each 42 ft long, with a total structure length of 170 ft. The bridge is 38 ft wide, and carries a two-lane road deck about 36 ft above the creek. The arches are mounted on battered concrete piers, and the spandrels are faced in locally quarried gray marble. The sides of the bridge are adorned with marble balustrades.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built in 1915 to a design by Harry Leslie Walker of New York City, and was originally a single lane wide. The 1910s were the first period in Vermont when concrete began to be used as a building material for bridges, and is one of the few concrete bridges in the state to survive from that period. It was widened in 1935-36 with funding from the Works Progress Administration. It is dedicated to Fletcher D. Proctor, who headed the family-owned Vermont Marble Company and served as Governor of Vermont. The bridge is a major marble landmark in the community, whose livelihood has depended on the stone for many years.</p><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Convent is a heritage-listed convent at 179 Abbott Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was desgned by Edward Gregory Waters and built from 1912 to 1914 by Wilson & Baillie. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Josephs Convent was constructed in 1912-14 for the Sisters of Mercy, who had established a foundation in Cairns in 1892. The 1914 building replaced two earlier cottage convents. The impetus for construction of a new convent came from Bishop James Murray, Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown 1898-1914. Construction of St Josephs Convent at Cairns was considered one of his finest achievements. The new convent was designed by architect, civil engineer and surveyor Edward Gregory Waters. St Joseph&#39;s Convent was opened officially by James Duhig, Archbishop of Brisbane, on 22 March 1914, Bishop Murray having died on 13 February 1914, prior to the opening.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Convent is two-storeyed with a rectangular plan form with a return bay on the southern corner. It is constructed of reinforced concrete and has a wide surrounding verandah at ground and first floor levels with a dominating two-storeyed entrance portico and gabled roofs. The original fence survives along Lake Street which consists of a low concrete wall with evenly spaced piers and "Cyclone" chain mesh infill panels running up to a Gothic-styled reinforced concrete arched gate in line with the main entrance door. The building, which is set well back from Lake Street, has a lawned area in front with mature trees each side of a single width concrete entrance path.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Convent was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Joseph&#39;s Convent is significant for its close association with the development of Catholicism and Catholic education in Cairns and district since the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Together with St Monica&#39;s Old Cathedral, these buildings form a highly intact ecclesiastical group, and are important in illustrating the evolution of the Catholic Church and Catholic education in Cairns and district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is also an excellent example of the work of local architect Edward Gregory Waters, and illustrates the establishment of a tradition of building in reinforced concrete, favoured in cyclone-prone Cairns in the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Despite some refurbishment, the convent survives substantially intact. It remains a fine example of a convent building designed to function in a tropical climate, and is of interest for its re-inforced concrete construction, considered more cyclone-proof than masonry. Together with the nearby Bishops House and adjacent St Monicas High School Administration Building, St Josephs Convent is part of a grouping of pre-1945 20th century buildings which, although of different styles, are all of similar scale, materials and planning. Both individually and as a group, these buildings make a significant aesthetic contribution to the Cairns townscape and Abbott Street streetscape, and contribute markedly to the citys sense of physical identity and history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It is of significance for its close association with the work of the Sisters of Mercy in expanding Catholic education in far north Queensland, and for over 80 years the place has had a strong association for the local Catholic community with the work of the Sisters of Mercy in Cairns. It remains illustrative of the work of the Augustinian fathers in the Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown (later the Diocese of Cairns), especially Bishop Murray, who encouraged the erection of Catholic churches, schools, convents and presbyteries throughout far North Queensland in the early years of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Pen Ty-Nant  is a hill within the Snowdonia National Park in Gwynedd, North Wales.</p><br>
<h2>Location and Summit View</h2><br>
<p>Pen Ty-Nant is a member of the Arenig range, just 1 mi from the small hamlet of Rhyd-uchaf and 2.3 mi from Bala. Its parent peak Arenig Fawr is approximately 5 mi to the west. It is a continuation of a small ridge that begins just to the northwest of Bala and ends at Moel y Garnedd on moorland known as the Gwastadros. On a clear day Pen yr Ole Wen, a member of the Carneddau can be seen above Llyn Celyn, 22 mi to the northwest. Carnedd y Filiast, Moel y Gydros and Moel Emoel are to the north / northeast. To the east are the Clwydian Range summits of Moel y Gamelin and Moel Morfydd, along with the closer Mynydd Mynyllod and its wind turbines near Glan-yr-afon. Cadair Berwyn, Cadair Bronwen and other peaks of the Berwyn range can be seen above Bala Lake to the east / southeast, and to the southwest, Aran Benllyn, Cadair Idris and Rhobell Fawr. The furthest features visible are Tarren y Gesail, 23 mi away near Abergynolwyn and Cefn y Cist, a part of Esclusham Mountain, 23 mi to the east.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>A short route to the summit begins in Rhyd-uchaf and takes approximately 45 mins for a round trip. Alternatively a bridle parth leads here from Bala. The summit is unmarked on open farmland.</p><br>
<p>St Monicas High School Administration Building is a heritage-listed private school at Abbott Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Vibert McKirdy Brown and built in 1941 by VW Doyle. It is also known as St Monicas High School. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>St Monica&#39;s High School (now the Administration Building) was erected in 1941 for the Sisters of Mercy in Cairns. The two-storeyed re-inforced concrete building was designed by South African-born Cairns architect Vibert McKirdy Brown, and was constructed by contractor VW Doyle.</p><br>
<p>Nearly 50 years earlier, during the height of the 1890s depression, the Vicar Apostolic of Cooktown, Bishop John Hutchinson, had encouraged the Sisters of Mercy at Cooktown to take over St Monicas School in Cairns (established 1890 with lay staff), where the number of pupils had fallen dramatically from 70 to 19. Three of the sisters from St Marys at Cooktown moved to Cairns in October 1892 and were successful in encouraging Catholic families to return their children to St Monica&#39;s School. By 1894 enrolment had risen to 80, and was well over 100 by the turn-of-the-century. They offered a full primary school curriculum and extra-curricula classes in French, drawing, painting, needlework, and music (vocal and instrumental) to older girls.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s the work of the convent school expanded to educate girls to secondary school level. Despite a new St Monicas Church-School having been constructed after Cyclone Willis in February 1927, St Monicas secondary school was conducted under difficult conditions. In what was predominantly a primary school, there were no purpose-designed classrooms for secondary subjects.</p><br>
<p>Cairns boomed during the interwar period, and by the end of the 1930s the need for a purpose-designed high school building at St Monicas had become urgent. Cairns architect VM Brown was commissioned to design a high school, to be erected on land in Abbott Street which the Sisters had acquired in 1922, adjacent to St Josephs Convent. A former boarding house, which the Sisters had used as a music school, was demolished prior to construction of the new building.</p><br>
<p>St Monicas High School was erected toward the end of Cairns third major phase of development. The Cairns hinterland Soldier Settlement Schemes of the 1920s, the completion of the North Coast rail link to Brisbane in 1924, the continued success of the local sugar industry, the expansion of wharf facilities, the extensive re-building necessitated by a spate of cyclones in the 1920s and the poor condition of earlier timber structures, combined to produce unprecedented building activity in Cairns in the interwar period. The city centre in particular was dominated until the 1980s by substantial, reinforced concrete and brick structures of the interwar period, and in this respect was markedly different from other 19th century-established Queensland towns and cities. St Monica&#39;s High School made an important contribution to this re-construction.</p><br>
<p>Work on St Monicas High School had begun by January 1941, and was completed by late August, at a cost of approximately £5,000. Plans had been approved prior to the Australian Governments war-time restrictions on buildings costing over £3,000, introduced in mid-1941. Bishop John Heavey blessed and officially opened the High School on Sunday 31 August 1941, and the school was occupied by the Sisters and students the next day.</p><br>
<p>The new building was considered an asset to the architecture of the city. The design was in the Moderne style, with sweeping horizontal and vertical lines and a minimum of architectural ornament. The building was constructed of re-inforced concrete throughout - including the floors and roofs of the deep verandahs. On the ground floor were two large classrooms, main entrance hall, and rear entrance porch and cloak room. Each of the rooms could be divided in two by folding doors. A staircase led from the entrance hall on the ground floor to a central hall on the upper floor, which housed the music rooms: 12 cubicles for pianos, insulated with Canite and Masonite, with glass observation windows in the dividing walls. The building was designed to be extended at the north end with an additional wing, and for a third storey to be added.</p><br>
<p>When St Monicas School expanded in the late 1960s and early 1970s and became exclusively a secondary school for girls, the purpose-designed 1941 building was not extended as intended. New high school blocks were erected fronting Lake Street, behind the original St Monicas High School building, which has been refurbished as the school&#39;s administration centre. In 1989, title to the property was transferred from the Sisters of Mercy to the Diocese of Cairns.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>St Monica&#39;s High School, which is set back from Lake Street, is a two-storeyed reinforced concrete building with a rectangular floor plan. It has a fibrous cement hipped roof and is surrounded on three sides by reinforced concrete verandahs that have been enclosed with the insertion of aluminium windows. Continuous horizontal wide projecting concrete hoods, which have rounded corners, run over the verandah openings and give the building a strong horizontal character. This is accentuated by small cornices running around the building at parapet and first floor levels.</p><br>
<p>The central entrance is highlighted by stepped piers at each side that rise through the first floor to a fluted stepped parapet which is finished with a small cross. Below this at first floor level is a large cross in low relief. Each side of this, also in low relief, is located the name ST MONICA&#39;S - HIGH SCHOOL. Solid balustrades at first and ground floor levels have indented stripped patterns symmetrically positioned between concrete piers that support the verandahs and project and terminate above the parapet.</p><br>
<p>The original fence survives along Lake Street, and consists of a low concrete wall with evenly spaced piers and "Cyclone" chain mesh infill panels running up to paired concrete gateposts in line with the entrance door.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor has two large classrooms that are divided by a central hall which connects to a small attached rear porch and cloakroom. Access to the first floor is from a return stair at the end of the hall. Originally the first floor was divided for use as small music rooms. Evidence of this arrangement remains in the dividing walls although some changes have been made.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>St Monica&#39;s High School Administration Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 1 July 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>St Monicas High School Administration Building is significant historically for its close association with the development of Catholic secondary education for girls in Cairns and district since 1941. It is also evidence of the re-building of Cairns in the interwar period, sustained into the early 1940s until interrupted by the Second World War. During this period the citys status as the principal port of Far North Queensland was consolidated and the city centre was largely re-built. It also illustrates a tradition of building in re-inforced concrete, favoured in cyclone-prone Cairns since the early 1900s.</p><br>
<p>Together with St Monica&#39;s Old Cathedral, these buildings form a highly intact ecclesiastical group, and are important in illustrating the evolution of the Catholic Church and Catholic education in Cairns and district.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Despite internal and external refurbishment as offices, St Monica&#39;s High School Administration Building survives largely intact, and is a fine illustration of 1940s tropical architecture in the then fashionable and progressive Moderne style. It is of interest also for its re-inforced concrete construction, considered more cyclone-proof than masonry, and is a good example of non-government school design of the period.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Together with the adjacent St Josephs Convent and nearby Bishops House, St Monicas High School Administration Building is part of a grouping of pre-1945 20th century buildings which, although of different styles, are all of similar scale, materials and planning. Both individually and as a group, these buildings make a significant aesthetic contribution to the Cairns townscape and Abbott Street streetscape, and contribute markedly to the citys sense of physical identity and history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>St Monica&#39;s High School Administration Building has a strong association for the local Catholic community with the work of the Sisters of Mercy in offering secondary education to the girls of Cairns and district in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important as a good example of the work of Cairns architect VM Brown, and is important for its close association with the work of the Sisters of Mercy in expanding Catholic education in far north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Cairns Wharf Complex is a heritage-listed wharf at Wharf Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1910 to 1948. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 December 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cairns was established by Europeans as a port in the second half of the nineteenth century. European passengers and government officials landed at Trinity Inlet on 3 October 1876, and the inlet was subsequently declared a port of entry and clearance on 1 November that year. The township of Cairns was surveyed in late 1876. The impetus for the establishment of the port came largely from the newly- established Hodgkinson goldfields.</p><br>
<p>Upon settlement, rudimentary port facilities were constructed. These initially consisted of timber jetties with piles built out across the mud and mangroves to boats moored in deeper water. Most had an attached shed. Better facilities quickly replaced these early structures as they wore out or simply fell down. Generally these were privately constructed by shipping and trading companies such as Howard Smith, Burns Philp and AUSN. The town, including shops, hotels, warehouses, banks, the customs house and other government offices developed around the port area.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, Cairns was selected as the rail terminus for the Herberton tin fields and construction of the Tablelands rail line west was begun. This assisted the fortunes of the port and in effect secured the future of the town. A timber railway wharf was built in 1886, connecting the wharf directly to the rail line into the hinterland. The other early northern port settlements of Cooktown and Port Douglas dwindled as a result of Cairns&#39; railway connection. Each had previously threatened the position of Cairns as a port in the north.</p><br>
<p>In 1906 the Cairns Harbour Board was instituted, chiefly to commission and oversee improvements to the port. The private wharves were progressively acquired by the harbour board and by 1915 it owned all the wharves. Regular dredging of the channel was carried out, allowing larger vessels to enter the port after 1912.</p><br>
<p>Soon after taking over control of the Cairns wharves, the Harbour Board began planning for an extensive new system of wharfage extending along the shoreline in one unbroken length. The wharves were to be built in stages of reinforced concrete to the plans of Gummow Forest and Co of Sydney. Supervision of the project was given to Edward Gregory Waters, the Harbour Board&#39;s Chief Engineer. E.G. Waters worked as an architect, surveyor and engineer at various locations in north Queensland from 1890, working in Cairns from 1909 until 1917. In 1910 construction started on the first wharf, 300 feet in length, at the end of Lake Street (number 3 wharf). This wharf was finished by 1912. Further stages were commenced shortly after, and by 1915 there was an unbroken frontage of 1200 feet of concrete wharves in Cairns. In the early 1920s, loans totalling £50 000 allowed the harbour board to further extend the wharves, and by 1925 the concrete wharves were 1500 feet long. A railway was extended along the front of the wharf. By the end of the 1920s another concrete wharf with rail approach and shed was erected, separate from the others on the other side of Lily Creek. It was initially known as number 6 wharf, and later number 8 wharf. Cairns was the first port in Queensland to adopt reinforced concrete wharves to any extent.</p><br>
<p>Cairns introduced a mechanical system of handling bagged sugar in the mid 1920s, one of the first Queensland ports to do so. A storage shed was constructed as part of this system, capable of storing 6000 to 7500 tons of sugar. It later became known as "White&#39;s Shed".</p><br>
<p>Sheds were constructed on top of the main wharves to accommodate goods waiting for export or to be distributed around the town. One shed was built for each of the five berths. The sheds at berths 1-3 were joined together in one continuous line; sheds 4-5 were built as one long structure. In 1938 the Cairns Harbour Board produced a handbook, detailing its activities in the port. This handbook described the wharfage facilities at Cairns as comprising some 1,900 linear feet of reinforced concrete wharves, with six "airy spacious sheds having floor space of 89,020 square feet", as well as the shed for sugar storage. Electric and hand powered cranes were also built at the rear of the wharves to lift heavy goods onto ships.</p><br>
<p>During World War II Cairns was the centre of a great deal of activity. At the port, the wharves were extended again in 1943 to create six continuous berths, and a shed was built and became number 6 shed. Also during the 1940s, a building was constructed for the Waterside Workers, for use as an amenities hall. It housed lunch and meeting rooms, showers and toilets. This building was located on the western side of Wharf Street between Lake and Grafton Streets. It was demolished in the 1990s. In 1942, extensions were made to number 5 wharf with a new shed being erected.</p><br>
<p>A clock tower above number 3 shed was constructed in 1948. It was reported in the 1948 Annual Report of the Cairns Harbour Board "he electric striking clock was long felt want, particularly on the water-front". The Cairns Post carried a photo of the clock on its front page on 23 September 1948 with the caption that it "is a valuable asset to the port". The clock was manufactured by A.L. Franklin of Sydney at a final cost of £900. Access to the clock mechanism was originally achieved via a ladder on the roof of the shed. Subsequently a hole was cut in the office immediately below the clock making it easier to periodically change the car battery.</p><br>
<p>Many hundreds of people have been employed on the waterfront in Cairns over the years. Most working activity at the Cairns wharves has shifted upstream to newer wharf developments, including the bulk sugar terminals, built in the 1960s. These earlier wharves are used mainly for recreational vessels and passenger liners, but not to the capacity or extent that they were used in the past.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, a redevelopment project commenced on the wharves, including the adaptive re-use of Number 3 wharf shed as the new Cairns Cruise Liner Terminal.</p><br>
<h3>Concrete Wharves</h3><br>
<p>Replacement of the timber wharves with concrete ones proceeded progressively starting in about 1910. This commenced with the manufacture of 67 concrete piles and foundation dredging. Plans were for each section of the wharf to be 300 feet long by 90 feet wide with a shed 240 feet long by 60 feet wide built directly onto each wharf. Reclamation was to take place behind the sea wall at the back of the wharf with mud from the dredge stiffened with the stone and mullock from the range railway after slips took place. The number 3 wharf was erected by 1912, number two wharf opened in 1913, and in 1914 the old number 4 wharf and buildings were demolished and replaced with a concrete wharf.</p><br>
<p>A photograph is available of the number 4 wharf during this reconstruction phase. The piles are reinforced concrete and the upper ends were apparently poured in-place in stages around four vertical iron rods. The iron reinforcing rods in the vertical posts were designed to interlock with the reinforcing rods in the concrete deck supports. Eight piles were placed between the sea wall area and the seaward edge of the wharf. Substantial wooden formwork was necessary to construct the reinforced concrete superstructure to support the decking.</p><br>
<p>The Harbour Board purchased the timber number 1 wharf in 1915, and replaced this with a concrete wharf within a year. The number 5 wharf was constructed in 1925 and was the entry/exit point for railway lines extending onto the wharf deck. Plans indicate that the number 5 wharf&#39;s deck had two pairs of railway tracks which merged at the junction with the number 4 wharf. The tracks curved onto the wharf deck at the southern end of the number 5 wharf, and the corner of the wharf was truncated parallel to this curve.</p><br>
<p>Number 6 wharf was completed in 1942 by the Allied Works Council. The design employed in constructing this wharf differed markedly to that used to construct numbers 1 to 5.: number 6 wharf was built with timber, supplemented with reinforced concrete.</p><br>
<h3>Numbers 2 and 3 wharf sheds, clock tower and cargo crane</h3><br>
<p>The Wharf Sheds were constructed at various stages throughout the first half of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The first to be built were numbers 2 and 3 wharf cargo sheds, constructed on the decks of the concrete wharves. The number 3 wharf was constructed in 1912, and it is suspected that the number 3 wharf shed was constructed in late 1912 or early 1913. The number 2 wharf was constructed in 1912-1913, and the original sheds on the old timber wharf were retained as long as possible prior to being demolished in 1913. The number 2 wharf shed was constructed soon after this demolition. The numbers 2 and 3 sheds were connected by a continuous roof by 1925 and probably earlier. Much of the infrastructure related to the number 2 and 3 sheds was constructed in about 1913, including the nearby railway tracks and two 10-ton cranes adjacent to the tracks and immediately behind sheds 1 and 2. Loading platforms were constructed behind number 2 wharf shed by 1925. The wharf sheds were elevated above the surrounding dock land and wharves. This raised configuration of wharf sheds was considered to be state-of-the-art design which allowed easy loading and unloading of goods to and from railway cars and into the storage sheds (facilitated by wharf shed platforms that aligned to the height of the rail cars). An "awning" was installed to the rear of the number 2 wharf shed in 1942. The wharf shed roofs were cleaned and repainted in 1947, and the whole of the roof cladding was replaced in 1954. The northern end of the number 2 wharf shed is referred to as the "old engine room" on a 1978 plan.</p><br>
<p>A clock tower was added to the end of the number 3 wharf shed in 1947-1948. On 14 September 1948, the Cairns Post included the following details of the clock:The four dials are each six feet in diameter and are driven by a single central unit. They cannot show a different time on each face.The bell weighs half a ton, is three feet in diameter and is struck by a 20 pound hammer.The clock is operated electrically, but does not depend on the continuity of the mains. Timekeeping is kept by a pendulum weighing 100 lbs., which pushes the mechanism round with a force capable of overcoming all normal obstacles, yet it is so delicately powered that it takes only a fraction of the current an ordinary electric torch would consume.The only part of the clock which would stop if electricity failed would be the bell, operated by a one quarter horse power motor directly connected to the mains. As soon as current is restored it will pick up the correct hour automatically. It is intended to silence the chimes between mid-night and 5.30 a.m.There are 27 gear wheels in the clock and about 30 bal bearings, which are heavy enough for hundreds of years of wear.Mr Franklin says that the clock is similar to that designed and installed by him for the Townsville Harbour Board in 1940 and others he has constructed during the last 25 years, though each successive clock has incorporated some refinement in design.Throughout the interwar years, a shed was built for each of the other berths. The sheds at berths 1-3 were joined together in one continuous line; and sheds 4-5 were built as one long structure. In 1943, shed number 6 was constructed.</p><br>
<p>In more recent times, viewing platforms were installed above the original roof line of number 2 wharf shed. The platforms were used as part of the terminal facilities for overseas passengers. These platforms were removed sometime in 1998 or 1999.</p><br>
<p>In 1984, number 1 wharf shed was demolished as part of the Trinity Wharf development, and in the 1990s number 4 wharf shed was demolished to provide greater wharf space. Wharf sheds 5 and 6 have also been demolished.</p><br>
<h3>White's Shed</h3><br>
<p>The sugar storage shed was constructed in 1923. An electrical conveyor system was installed in the shed to move sugar bags to and from ships holds and railway wagons, and was fully operational by 1926. The system consisted of an inclined covered conveyor extending from railway tracks on the west side of the shed up to the sheds roofline. This conveyor provided the linkage with the wharf railway system. A complicated set of conveyors and chutes was built into the roof of the sugar shed, and this system was used to stack bagged sugar at a rate of up to 80 tons per hour. A second conveyor extended between the roof of the sugar shed eastwards to the roof of number 4 wharf shed. This conveyor joined another in a T-configuration on the eastern side of the wharf sheds roof. The overhead conveyors from Whites Shed to number 3 wharf were reconstructed in 1946, while maintenance and repairs to both "shore and floating plant" were made in 1947. The 27-year-old facility was apparently modernised during the overhaul. Two travelling gantry cranes moved up and down the number 4 wharfs edge, loading and unloading the sugar bags into ships holds via a set of conveyors mounted on the gantry cranes and connected to the T-conveyor.</p><br>
<p>Electric travelling cranes were located immediately adjacent to the northern end and western side of the building during this era. These cranes moved "sinker" logs from the railway tracks to the edge of the wharf between the numbers 3 and 4 wharf sheds.</p><br>
<p>The usefulness of the shed and log handling machinery declined in the late 1950s, and Whites Shed was no longer in operation after the bulk sugar terminal was established at Portsmith in 1964. At this new terminal, huge volumes of sugar could be stored and delivered directly into the holds of ships, without needing to be packed into bags or other containers. This new method of sugar handling reduced significantly the wharf labour force for sugar. The sinker log crane on the west side of the shed was sold in 1959 and was later used at Rankines Peeramon Mill, near Lake Eacham on the Atherton Tablelands, where it currently resides. The disused Whites Shed was subsequently leased to mining companies, perhaps as early as the 1960s. The shed was used to store copper concentrate from the Red Dome mine between 1993 and 1997, and was leased to the Dianne Copper Mine prior to this. The name "Whites Shed" derives from this period.</p><br>
<h3>The electrical workshop</h3><br>
<p>The existing electrical workshop building is situated in the former location of the harbour workshops. The original workshops contained the fitters and turners shop and the blacksmith shop. This building was apparently demolished in about 1940, and the existing brick structure was built in this location in 1951. The rear shed was built and/or modified in 1967.</p><br>
<p>The existing building was used to supply power to the wharves, and as an electrical workshop. During its years as a powerhouse, the building contained a compressor, an emergency power generator, and transformers. A compressor was installed in 1955 to supply air to the wharves, and it was in this year that electrical workshop equipment was installed. The workshop maintained 21 cranes, fork lifts, and two stevedoring units. The workshop was still in use by 1958 and possibly later.</p><br>
<h3>Amenities</h3><br>
<p>The Amenities Hall was built in 1954 for the Waterside Workers Federation. The rear structure addition is possibly a "septic block" installed in 1956. The 1954 plan of the building shows the arrangement of the amenities, with the front two-thirds of the building filled with tables and the rear containing the amenities themselves.</p><br>
<p>The building has housed collections of the Maritime Archaeological Association of Far North Queensland since 1988. A loading door is present in the front end of the building, and was reportedly added after 1988 so that large maritime artefacts could be easily moved into the structure.</p><br>
<h3>Number 2 gate, flagpole and planters</h3><br>
<p>A 1942 map of the wharf complex shows four traffic gates to the wharf complex fronting Wharf Street. It is suspected that these gateways were in place since the early history of the wharves. The number 2 gateposts at the number 2 gate are still in their original locations.</p><br>
<p>An octagonal three-tiered flagpole base was present at the eastern end of the existing garden bed. The flagpole base was concrete, and each tier was of decreasing diameter and height. The edge was bevelled. The base measured 1.2 metres across and 0.3 metres high, and the flagpole was once affixed by four bolts. This base was removed during maintenance activities in March 1999. Another flagpole base was constructed in July 1953.</p><br>
<h3>Concrete roadways</h3><br>
<p>Concrete roadways were constructed on the reclaimed land behind numbers 1, 2 and 3 wharves in 1945 and 1946. The roads constructed in 1945 extended behind the wharves from number 1 to number 6 and the remainder of the concrete roads were presumably constructed in 1946.</p><br>
<h3>Harbour Board Store</h3><br>
<p>The Cairns Harbour Board Store (no longer extant) is clearly visible in 1920-1930 and 1940 aerial photographs of the area. The building was originally a bond store used by Customs to house beer, alcohol, and tobacco. The floor reportedly had a steel floor during this period to prevent theft. In recent years the building housed Coxen Chemicals (a detergent manufacturer) and Rothfire Pty Ltd (a prawn merchant). The building was either moved in the last decade to the modern workshop area or was demolished to make way for the bitumen carpark.</p><br>
<h3>Railway tracks</h3><br>
<p>Several railway tracks were laid at the Cairns wharves. The existing railway lines were laid at approximately the same time as the concrete wharves. One section of the line supported a 10-ton travelling crane, and another section, a travelling crane used to sort and load logs onto the parallel railway tracks.</p><br>
<p>Rail links with the Cairns hinterland were a key element of the success of Cairns as the regional port and consequently, as a viable town.</p><br>
<h3>Amenities Hall park</h3><br>
<p>The park north of the Amenities Hall was once the location of several small structures. A 1942 plan of the area indicates that the "Pay Office" and a "Kiosk", both built in c. 1930 were present in the park area at that time. A "Tally Clerk&#39;s" office, built in c. 1930 was adjacent to the railway line behind the wharves. These buildings were apparently replaced by two small sheds prior to 1967, and the small sheds were themselves removed between 1972 and 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Cairns Wharves and associated structures are bordered by Wharf Street to the west and the waters of Trinity Inlet to the east. Located to the north and south of the site are various structures associated with maritime activities. The Cairns Wharfage Complex site includes concrete wharves 2 and 3; wharf sheds 2 and 3 and the clock tower above shed 3; White&#39;s (sugar) shed; an electrical shop; an amenities hall; a cargo crane; concrete roadways; railway tracks; and number 2 gate, flagpole and planters.</p><br>
<h3>Concrete wharves</h3><br>
<p>The concrete wharves are part of the actively utilised wharf facilities in this part of the Cairns waterfront.</p><br>
<p>The wharf is decked in reinforced concrete which forms an integral part of the structure. The deck edge is marked by a discontinuous wooden beam. A series of concrete sections measuring about 3 metres long are immediately adjacent to the beam and extend the length of the wharf. The concrete sections are interrupted at regular intervals by metal boxes containing power points. Water taps are present at regular intervals, and plumbing, electrical conduits, and compressed air pipes are affixed to the underside of the wharf. Mooring irons are mounted to the deck surface behind the concrete buffers. A variety of types of mooring irons are present.</p><br>
<h3>Numbers 2 and 3 wharf sheds, clock tower and cargo crane</h3><br>
<p>The number 2 and 3 wharf sheds are long, rectangular buildings, clad with corrugated sheeting. The structures have truss-framed roofs with support posts along the long edges and down the centre. The walls have timber rails spanning between the posts and numerous door and window openings within the framing. Like the walls, the roofs are clad with corrugated sheeting. Aside from clearly modern replacement sections, the wall cladding - much of which is affixed with lead-head nails of various sizes - appears to be the original.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are in good condition, particularly given their age, location. exposure and past industrial usage. However the framing at the southern end of number 3 wharf shed exhibits signs of accelerated deterioration due to exposure to the weather. The covered area between the number 2 and number 3 wharf sheds appears to remain in a condition similar to that when it was originally constructed.</p><br>
<p>The loading dock behind number 2 wharf shed is largely intact and consists of an array of heavily maintained timber and concrete piles supporting a concrete deck. It is aligned perpendicular to the railway tracks. The loading dock remnant existing behind number 3 wharf shed consists of rectangular, round, or half-round decking support timbers placed on log or concrete piers. This loading dock also has a concrete deck.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of the wharf shed number 3 is surmounted by a clock tower. A clock face is located on all four sides of the tower. The tower is capped with a pyramidal roof and weather vane. A door providing internal access to the clock is located on the northern wall of the tower. Vents are located on all sides of the tower, close to the base. The clock appears to be in good working order and still chimes on the hour.</p><br>
<p>The number 2 wharf shed is currently used as the Cairns cruise ship terminal. Number 3 wharf shed contains storage areas for the Port Authority, storage for other shipping operators, and offices for the Customs Service.</p><br>
<p>The cargo crane is present at the end of the loading dock attached to the rear of number 2 wharf shed. The crane is mounted on a large 12-sided concrete base. The crane&#39;s I-beam jibs are stamped "NORMAN LONG AND CO LD/MIDDLESBROUGH/ENGLAND". The hoist consists of a cargo hook suspended by a steel cable. The cable winding drum is timber and largely intact. A commemorative bronze plaque is installed at the base of the crane.</p><br>
<h3>White's Sugar Shed</h3><br>
<p>White&#39;s Shed is a large timber-and-iron structure situated behind number 4 wharf (not included in the listing boundary) and immediately southwest of the existing number 3 wharf shed. The building consists of the original section measuring approximately 63 metres long (oriented parallel to the wharf) and 22 metres wide, and the post-1976 addition. The cladding on the two sections overlap somewhat, and the complete width of the existing shed is about 38 metres. A fence encloses the immediate surrounds to the northern side of the shed.</p><br>
<p>The basic structure of White&#39;s Shed appear to be largely intact, including much of the sugar bag stacking apparatus on the ceiling. However, the portions of the sugar conveyor located outside of the shed are no longer extant.</p><br>
<p>Whites Shed is timber framed. Thirteen transverse frames support the roof, which are in turn linked by a ridge beam, purlins and girts, a wall top plate, and diagonal wall braces. Large double doors are present in the ends of the building and central on the east and west walls. These doors are supported by I-beams. The roof is gabled and has a ventilated ridge. A complex system of conveyors and hopper chutes for the delivery of sugar bags is present attached to the ceiling of the structure. The buildings wall and roof cladding is of recently installed corrugated sheeting. A secure room is present along the inside of the north wall.</p><br>
<p>A recent building report and contamination assessment revealed that the structural integrity of the building has been compromised by termites, and that a low level of heavy metals contamination is present.</p><br>
<h3>Electrical workshop</h3><br>
<p>The Electrical workshop consists of a brick structure located immediately north of Whites Shed. The building measures approximately 20 metres long and 12 metres wide, and has an 8 metre by 4 metre shed in the rear (west) yard. The building is currently the Cairns Port Authoritys Social Club.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s walls are cavity brick. The structure was constructed on a concrete slab and covered by a gabled roof. Five 4-paned windows extend down the northern side of the building. The windows are constructed with concrete lintels and sills. Four windows extend down the eastern end. A boarded-over attic window is also present. The south side of the building is marked by loading doors and four windows and this area is landscaped and modified for social functions. The western end of the building is marked by large access doors, a window, a doorway, and an attic window.</p><br>
<p>The shed at the rear of the building consists of a brick section and a section covered in iron cladding. This shed currently contains the compressor installed in 1955. This machinery continues to supply compressed air to the wharves.</p><br>
<p>The electrical workshop is not considered of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Amenities Hall</h3><br>
<p>The Amenities Hall consists of a timber-framed structure located immediately north of the Electrical Shop. The building measures about 28 metres long and 8 metres wide, and has a small 2 metre by 2 metre structure added to the rear. The building houses the collections of the Maritime Archaeological Association of Far North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The building is a timber framed, gable-roofed structure placed on a concrete slab. The wall cladding consists of angular-rebated chamferboards. The original asbestos roof is in place. A loading door is present in the front (east) end of the building. The north and south walls of the building are symmetrically arranged with three double doors and five 6-paned windows down each side. Three 3-paned windows are present on the addition at the building&#39;s rear (west) end. Some of the original tables and benches, and the toiletries block are still in place.</p><br>
<p>The Amenities Hall is not considered of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Number 2 gate, flagpole and planters</h3><br>
<p>The ornamental gateposts at the number 2 gate are still in their original locations. The gateway consists of an entrance and exit lane separated by a concrete ornamental wall measuring about 2.5 metres wide and 4 metres tall. A concrete post flanks each side of the wall, and two gate hooks are affixed to each post. An ornamental coping is present on top of the wall. Low-relief Art Deco-style ornamentations are present on the wall faces, posts, and coping. Two matching single concrete posts are present on the opposite side of the entrance and exit lanes. These are also affixed with gate hooks, indicating that the original gates were double-hung and latched in the middle. The gates themselves are no longer present.</p><br>
<p>The entrance and exit lanes inside the wharf compound are separated by a concrete-bordered garden bed. A flagpole base is present behind the entrance wall at the western end of the garden bed.</p><br>
<p>Only the concrete gateway and side posts are deemed to be of cultural heritage significance. The concrete planter and flagpole are not considered culturally significant.</p><br>
<h3>Concrete roadways</h3><br>
<p>The western edge of the 1945 concrete roadway is still visible, but the remainder is apparently underneath recent bitumen. Concrete U-shaped guttering is visible in front of the Amenities Hall and the Electrical Workshop, and may date to the original installation of the concrete roadway.</p><br>
<p>The concrete roadway presumably dating to 1946 consists of the entrance and exit lanes at the number 2 gate. The lane on the south side is pitched down the middle to ensure water drains to either side.</p><br>
<p>The concrete roadways are not considered of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Harbour Board store foundation</h3><br>
<p>Concrete slabs are present in the parking area immediately north of the number 2 gate roadway. The southernmost of these borders a landscaped area adjacent to the roadway on the south and merges with the 1945 roadway on the east. The western edge angles southwest towards the northern gate post. The outline of the northern edged of the slab is marked by two angular "bays". The northernmost slab consists of a strip of concrete extending east-west about 14 metres north of the first slab. The intervening area is now covered with bitumen, by 20 low "humps" are discernible. These are the remains of concrete support piers arranged in a block measuring 5 piers by 4 piers. These piers mark the location of the "Cairns Harbour Board Store" or "Beer Shed".</p><br>
<p>The Harbour Board Store foundation is not of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h3>Railway tracks</h3><br>
<p>Portions of two sets of tracks are visible. The portion of the first set within the area consists of a single set of double-rail tracks extending from the loading dock behind number 1 wharf southwards to the loading dock at the rear of number 3 wharf. The track extends past the original fixed 10-ton Cargo Crane behind the number 2 wharf. The tracks change from double-railed to single-railed near the southern end of the number 3 wharf loading dock.</p><br>
<p>A short section of the second railway tracks is still in place approximately 6 metres west of the number 2 gate. Two sets of tracks spaced 3 metres apart are present in this location. Both sets are double-railed.</p><br>
<h3>Amenities Hall park</h3><br>
<p>Two concrete-bordered planters are present along the northern edge of the park. These planters are similar to the one currently located between the two vehicle lanes which pass through the number 2 gate.</p><br>
<p>The Amenities Hall Park is not considered of cultural heritage significance.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cairns Wharf Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 17 December 1999 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Wharf Complex is of importance in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history as it represents an important stage of development of Queensland and Australian wharf facilities dating from 1909 to 1942. The wharves are among the earliest Australian attempts to introduce the medium of reinforced concrete into wharf construction. The construction of number 6 wharf in 1942 demonstrates the importance of Cairns as a centre for Pacific forces during World War II, and its timber and reinforced concrete construction reflects war-time expediency. The wharf-side cargo sheds, numbers 2 and 3, are the most visible surviving remnant of the Cairns waterfront development in the early 1900s. The cargo crane is the last remaining crane from the earliest period of the wharfs history in the 1910s, and helps to convey a sense of the industrial maritime history of the wharves. White&#39;s (Sugar) Shed is a place which demonstrates an evolutionary stage of the North Queensland sugar industry and wharf practices dating to the 1920s through 1950s. The closure of the shed to sugar handling in the early 1960s was the result of the opening of Cairns bulk sugar terminal at Portsmith in 1964. The opening of the bulk terminals reduced significantly the wharf labour force required for the handling of sugar. The railway lines demonstrate the importance of rail links in establishing Cairns as the dominant regional port in far North Queensland, and consequently, as a viable town. The railway lines are also integral to an understanding of the operation of the wharves, with wharf shed platforms that aligned to the height of the rail cars.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns wharf sheds, numbers 2 and 3 and Whites (Sugar) Shed, demonstrate rare aspects of Queenslands cultural heritage as surviving wharf sheds are becoming increasingly rare throughout Australia as coastal cities revitalise their waterfront areas. Whites shed, with its remnant bag-stacking machinery, is the only known example of this type of structure existing in Queensland and Australia, and as such also demonstrates rare aspects of Queenslands cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The remnant bag-stacking machinery located in Whites shed has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queenslands history. Since records of the sugar bag conveyance apparatus have disappeared in the years since abandonment of the system, the intact features along the roof of the structure&#39;s interior offer insights which are only available through study of this physical feature.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The number 2 and 3 wharf sheds are important in demonstrating the principle characteristics of a wharf-side cargo handling structure.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns wharves site is important because of its aesthetic significance as the wharves, number 2 gate, White&#39;s shed and wharf sheds, numbers 2 and 3, including the clock tower, contribute to the streetscape of inner-city Cairns. The wharves run at right angles to the main city streets of Cairns, terminating the long views down Abbott, Lake and Grafton streets south. These views are framed by the mountains and mangroves behind and across Trinity Inlet. The clock tower is particularly of aesthetic significance as a local landmark.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The concrete wharves are important in demonstrating a high degree of technical achievement in the early twentieth century. The use of reinforced concrete for wharf construction represents one of the earliest Australian attempts to introduce this material for wharf construction.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns wharves, sheds 2 and 3 and Whites (Sugar) Shed, number 2 gate and clock tower have a special association with the Cairns community as physical evidence of the citys history and sense of identity. The clock tower affixed to the roof of the number 3 wharf shed has provided a focus for this identity, and has functioned as the citys and wharfs timepiece since 1948.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the work of the early Cairns Harbour Board. The wharves and sheds offer a physical reminder of the importance of the Board in establishing the maritime focus of the city and the development of the region.</p><br>
<p>Nanuuseq, also known as Nanûseq or Nanusek is an uninhabited island in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nanuuseq is a coastal island, although it is also considered a peninsula owing to it almost being attached to the mainland shore. located off the southeastern coast of Greenland between the mouth of Lindenow Fjord on its southern side and the mouth of Nanuuseq Fjord —formerly known as Oyfjord— to the north. Its length is 2.6 km and its maximum width 1,000 m.</p><br>
<p>Although Nanuuseq is relatively small, its highest point reaches 670 m in height.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Until recent times Inuit people visited the area around Nanusek during hunting trips up and down the coast. Fridtjof Nansen wrote about them towards the end of the 19th century:</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Tr. as, 1893.</p><br>
<p>Kissing Point Fortification is a heritage-listed fortification at 38-40 Howitt Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Peter Scratchley and Major Edward Druitt and built from 1891 by A McMillan  and then from 1939 to 1941. It is also known as Jezzine Barracks. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010.</p><br>
<p>It is now the home of the Army Museum of North Queensland.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The fortification at Kissing Point occupies part of a rocky headland separating Cleveland Bay and Rowes Bay at the northern end of The Strand in Townsville; while the Jezzine Barracks complex extends approximately ten hectares to its south-west. The former was built in 1891 as a two-gun battery and part of the coastal defence scheme being established to protect the colony of Queensland and its ports from naval bombardment, installations of which started at Fort Lytton (1880–1882) in Brisbane and extended to Green Hill Fort on Thursday Island (1891–92). Both during and after the war the adjacent barracks complex grew up over the large site where the batterys garrison buildings were located and where regular training and annual encampments of northern military forces had been conducted since 1889, most particularly those of the Kennedy Regiment formed in Townsville in 1886. The entire former military site, encompassing the barracks and the fortification, is delimited by Cook, Isley, Mitchell and Howitt Streets to the west and south, and enclosed by a semi-circle of sea cliffs and littoral land to the north and east; however the heritage boundary encompasses only those parts of Queensland heritage significance, namely the fortification structures and earthworks, five P1 huts put in place during World War II, and the parade ground at the sites formal entrance. The military presence on this headland has persisted over a period of just more than 125 years to 2007 when it was officially closed as an active army site; although the 31st Royal Queensland Regiment precinct, established as the Army Museum of North Queensland, and Jezzine House, are still owned by the Australian Government. The remainder of the site has been gifted to the Townsville City Council as Trustees.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the 1860s, defence of the Australian colonies had been solely the responsibility of the British government, Britain considering that its navy would provide the first line of defence in any threat to her colonial empire. An investigation into colonial military expenditure in 1862 resulted in Britain demanding that the Australian colonies, by then self-governing, contribute toward the costs of maintaining Imperial garrisons on colonial soil, and encouraged them to provide for their own military infrastructure. Queensland, which had separated from New South Wales in December 1859, could not afford to contribute to this scheme immediately so Imperial troops were gradually withdrawn, the last leaving in 1870.</p><br>
<p>By the 1870s the Australian colonies were developing rapidly and concerns were renewed about potential threats from colonial powers such as Russia and France - the latter having annexed New Caledonia in 1873 - as well as about American privateers seeking gold. A series of incidents involving Russia and Britain added to the fears aroused during the Crimean War of 1853–1856. One such "scare" in 1876 motivated the colonial governments of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia to jointly invite British Royal Engineers Colonel Sir William Francis Drummond Jervois and Lieutenant-Colonel Peter Scratchley, to inspect existing defence installations and make recommendations as to how they might be improved. Jervois had been Inspector General of Fortifications and Secretary to the United Kingdom Defence Committee and had superintended the construction of its defences during the 1860s. Scratchley&#39;s particular expertise was in the design and construction of deterrent coastal fortresses and he would have a profound influence on colonial Australian defence matters; his advice causing a number of fortified installations to be constructed along the coastline of Australia, including Fort Lytton at the mouth of the Brisbane River (1880–81), Fort Scratchley in Newcastle (1882), Bare Island Fort on Botany Bay (1885), Fort Queenscliff and the system of defences for Port Phillip Bay in Victoria (1860–1891), and Fort Glanville in South Australia (1882).</p><br>
<p>Jervois and Scratchley arrived in Queensland in early August 1877 and had presented their report to the government by the end of the month. In it they identified the most likely threats to the new colony to be maritime bombardment, raids or extortion. They recommended that the mainland colonies develop their sea power in concert with a series of coastal defences. These defences were the standard means of defending ports and harbours following Britain&#39;s rise as a naval power, relieving the navy of its defensive functions and affording it greater scope for offensive attacks. Despite being physically closer to the source of most threats, Queensland, with its sparse population and limited resources, was not considered to be greatly at risk and Townsville of little strategic importance. The report did recommend that Brisbane, as the capital and principal port of Queensland, be defended with the construction of a fort at Lytton.</p><br>
<p>Cleveland Bay and its nascent settlement were first declared a port of entry in September 1865, having been privately surveyed the previous year by agents of John Melton Black - the general manager of Robert Towns & Co, one of the largest pastoral interests in the Kennedy District. Towns entered a partnership with Black to provide financial assistance for this venture and early in 1866 the new municipality was named Townsville in honour of his contribution, although he visited only once. Forming the north-western limit of the township, the rocky headland of Kissing Point had been given its name by 1864. In the five years following the establishment of Townsville a series of nearby gold discoveries were made, most notably those at Ravenswood and Charters Towers; the latter becoming the richest goldfield in North Queensland. The Great Northern railway built in the early 1880s to service these fields - a network that spread out to connect other inland centres to the busy port - was to fuel Townsville&#39;s growth in size and importance, allowing it to evolve into the northern centre of not only the mining industry but also those of pastoralism and sugar.</p><br>
<p>Following completion of the 1877 assessment, Scratchley was retained as a consultant by several colonial governments including Queensland. Another war "scare" erupted in 1878 when Russian forces advanced on the capital of Turkey, a British ally, and again galvanised colonial governments in Australia regarding their strategic forward defence. No. 4 Battery, a small detachment of 40 men from the Queensland Volunteer Artillery Brigade was formed in Townsville in June. It was not until January 1881 that Lieutenant-Colonel George Glendower Blaxland, the Commandant of the Queensland defence forces, was able to make his first inspection of this group. He also selected the site for a battery at Kissing Point. As the year progressed a number of Volunteer Independent Rifle Companies were raised at Charters Towers, Townsville and Ravenswood. Scratchley continued to provide progress reports to the Queensland Government, submitting his final memorandum in 1882, which was the first to recommend specific measures for the protection of Townsville, which he had visited. These entailed mounting two available 64-pounder rifled guns on travelling carriages in positions so as to fire seaward, building a small associated magazine and enclosing a site to be selected. It was suggested that a sandbag battery could be constructed upon the outbreak of war.</p><br>
<p>The defence systems in Queensland were deemed to be lacking in cohesion and discipline, and a necessary reorganisation was soon established under the Queensland Defence Act 1884. It created a small permanent force as well as a partially paid militia force and voluntary infantry units, and set out new orders of battle and establishment. It also divided the colony into two Military Districts - Southern and Northern. On 24 February 1885 No 4 Battery was redesignated as the Townsville Garrison Battery in the Kennedy Division (KD) of the Northern Military Division (NMD). A number of volunteer companies, A through F, were formed in Townsville, Charters Towers and Ravenswood throughout the year. By June, when Queensland Premier Sir Samuel Walker Griffith toured the north and visited Townsville, the 64-pounder guns recommended by Scratchley in 1882 had been mounted at Kissing Point and Magazine Island and were fired. This entailed construction of a timber platform over which the gun carriage could move. The 10 acre site (about 4 hectares) where the battery was constructed was formally gazetted for Defence Purposes in 1886. Following reorganisation of the colony&#39;s regimental divisions, in October of the same year, the 3rd Queensland (Kennedy) Regiment was raised and headquartered in Townsville, subsuming the various Volunteer Independent Rifle Companies listed above. It received its colours in 1887 when its headquarters were shifted to Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>The first annual encampment for the north Queensland component of the colony&#39;s Defence Force had taken place at Townsville in 1885 at Cluden Park, on the south-eastern outskirts of the settlement. In 1887 drill practice was being conducted at Kissing Point and Magazine Island. As more volunteer units formed these encampments grew larger, necessitating their removal to a larger open space. In 1889 they were moved to the newly gazetted public recreation reserve of 25 acres (10.117 hectares) known as Norman Park, adjacent to the west of the Kissing Point reserve and leased to the Queensland and later the Australian governments by the Townsville Town Council. Regular encampments were held at Norman Park until the start of World War II. In preparation for these events the salt pan land adjacent to the south of the Kissing Point outcrop and subject to intermittent tidal flooding was drained with a dam and sluice valve. Similar earthwork, including a dam across a creek that flowed into Rowes Bay, was carried out to make the salt pan and mangrove areas along the western half of Norman Park into a suitable training and parade field. It was not until 1909 that the Deed of Grant for Norman Park was purchased for Defence Purposes by the Australian Government.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1880s attitudes towards colonial defence were changing, as was technology both for weaponry and shipping. Techniques for defence against maritime attack were under constant review. Despite the ongoing debate the colonial government finally agreed to commit to building defences at Kissing Point and Magazine Island that would operate in concert to protect all approaches to the busy harbour.</p><br>
<p>Major Edward Druitt, who trained at the Royal Engineers submarine miners depot at Gosport near Portsmouth in England, was appointed to design and supervise the works at Townsville, arriving there in early 1890 and soon after preparing a plan for the Kissing Point battery. The fortifications comprised an embanked parapet facing seaward; two gun emplacements, an underground magazine linked by tunnels to these emplacements, a lookout, a partially buried casemate structure containing store and telephone rooms, and two Depression Range Finder locations, one combined with a Battery Commander&#39;s Post set off to the east of the guns near the cliff edge and accessed via a narrow trench. Behind these, facing the salt pans ran a sunken pathway and small manning parade ground protected by a low retaining wall and two machine gun emplacements. An iron palisade was to further protect this battery, with gates toward the northern end of the rear wall. Druitt used day labour under the control of the Government Foreman of Works, Mr A McMillan, to complete this work.</p><br>
<p>The Kissing Point battery was revised only slightly during construction, a process essentially complete by June 1891 at a cost of £3500, before Druitt moved on to Thursday Island to begin work on the Green Hill Fort (listed on the Commonwealth Heritage List). He also supervised the fortification work at Magazine Island but this was delayed by renovations and extensions to the harbour. The battery guns at Kissing Point - two 6 inch breech loading guns had been mounted by October 1892, when officials were awaiting delivery of the range instruments. In total the Kissing Point battery was estimated to cost 7000 pounds, this sum comprising 3000 pounds for the guns, 3000 for artillery and submarine mining stores, and 1000 for contingencies. In 1892 another 700 pounds was loaned for the completion of these works, bringing the actual cost without ordinance to just over 4000 pounds.</p><br>
<p>Various buildings - raised off the ground on timber stumps, framed and clad in timber and roofed with corrugated iron - were erected near to the fortification, on the relatively flat land to its south to provide accommodation for the battery garrison; however the precise location of these buildings is not certain. They included officers and sergeants quarters, a recreation room, barracks, a kitchen and stables. The officer&#39;s quarters building was likely an earlier residence constructed between two rocky outcrops on the headland for the Inspector of Police soon after 1883. It was associated with two portions of land adjacent to the south-western corner of the Kissing Point reserve. About 2 acres (about 0.81 hectares) in area, the larger portion was first gazetted for Police Purposes in 1883 before being re-gazetted for Defence Force Purposes in 1892, possibly when the other buildings associated with the Fort were constructed. A 1900 plan contained in the Fort Record Book indicates they were grouped together and other evidence suggests they were located on the larger of the portions along the northern end of Mitchell Street. They had all been removed from the site by the late 1960s.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 yet another comprehensive report on the state of the colonys defence was prepared and the fortification at Kissing Point was discussed in terms of its purpose in repelling attack from the north and the proposed use of the open ground behind the battery for a depot with seven days of reserves. It was at this time that the first adjustments to the battery occurred when air funnels and windsails for ventilation were installed in the roof of the casemate store. In 1905 a new Battery Commanders Post and Depression Range Finder, located between the lookout and the casemate, was installed. In 1936 the original 6 inch guns were replaced by two 4.7 inch guns. One of the original 6 inch guns was thrown over the cliffs at Kissing Point only to be salvaged in 1970 and installed at one of the gun emplacements in recent years.</p><br>
<p>Despite the fact that by Federation (1901) Charters Towers had become the second largest town in Queensland, and Townsville - the State&#39;s second port in terms of tonnage handled and passenger numbers - its link to the outside world; a Colonial Defence Committee remarked in 1906 that it was "not suitable as a harbour of refuge for ocean-going shipping on account of the shallowness of its entrance channel" and that the town had no resources of strategic importance. A final blow was struck when Field Marshall Lord Kitchener completed his defence survey in 1909, and disparagingly remarked that the "nice little fort" at Kissing Point was constituted of a prettily situated barracks and a few out-of-date guns. He declared that the fixed defences at Townsville were obsolete in his report of 1911 and not worth maintaining.</p><br>
<p>The Kennedy Regiment remained part of the Queensland Defence Force until 1903 when it came under the control of the Australian Government following Federation and the centralisation of defence matters it heralded. It was then reorganised as the 1st Battalion, Kennedy Regiment with an establishment of four rifle companies. As a colonial regiment it had been involved in the breaking of the 1891 Shearer&#39;s Strike at Barcaldine. This event and the 1890 maritime strike were both seminal influences on the terms of the Commonwealth Defence Act 1903, which explicitly prevented the raising of a regular infantry and prohibited the citizen army from being used in industrial disputes. More than ten percent of the membership of the Kennedy Regiment served in the Boer War in 1899 during which it earned its first battle honour. During the First World War many Kennedy Regiment men volunteered for the Australian Imperial Force and served with the 31st Battalion in France. Here its members again earned battle honours, including Private Patrick Joseph Bugden, an original member of the Regiment, who earned the Victoria Cross for his actions during the Battle of Passchendaele in September 1917.</p><br>
<p>The 31st Battalion was disbanded in March 1919, but in 1921 the militia reformed to perpetuate the designations and battle honours of the Australian Imperial Force. It became the 31st Battalion (Kennedy Regiment). From this time until the commencement of World War II it, along with other members of the Northern defence forces, used the area around the Kissing Point fortification for training, drills and annual encampments. In the years following WWI defence spending was reduced and public and political interest in military matters declined. All the land, including Norman Park, and the three parcels associated with the Kissing Point fort, was surveyed in 1938. Despite the constant use of the area, the buildings and fortification constructed in the early 1890s remained the only permanent structures on the site. From the late 1930s topsoil was gradually introduced to establish lawns and gardens, stabilize the site&#39;s sandy base and prevent the movement of unconsolidated sands.</p><br>
<p>When war was declared in September 1939 the north Queensland infantry battalions were mobilised and marched into encampments at Townsville Showgrounds and Kissing Point Barracks for training and guard duty; the existing facilities and grounds at Kissing Point being occupied by the 26th Infantry Battalion, 11th Brigade of the Citizen Militia Force. In 1940 the Queensland Main Roads Commission built permanent foundations and engine rooms for two searchlights at the Kissing Point battery (marked on a 1948 site place as being in the immediate vicinity of the gun emplacements) and two new 4.7 inch guns were installed. Few changes were made at the site until after the Japanese had attacked Pearl Harbor and the Malay Peninsula in 1941 and Singapore had fallen the following year. Townsville would become a major supply and deployment centre for Australasian and US troops and the RAAF aerodrome in the suburb of Garbutt became one of the largest air bases in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>In 1941 the area to the south-west of the fortification had been renamed Jezzine Barracks after a town in Palestine where members of the 31st Battalion had been involved in a battle, part of the Australian 7th Division&#39;s advance on Beirut during the Allied Syria-Lebanon campaign, that had defeated French Vichy forces. Members of the Kennedy Regiment had volunteered for the Second Australian Imperial Force and would receive 43 decorations during the conflict. At this time the extent of development over the site included: a group of 19 huts, many of which were P1 type huts; three buildings along Mitchell Street dating from the 19th century; tents on the parade ground; and some long sheds on Cook Street where the Bellman Hangar stands today (1/SP211556). The P1 hut was a type of modular building designed by the Australian Army in the late 1920s and employed to answer the urgent need for accommodation engendered by the radically different nature of World War II in relation to the experience of it on Australian soil. This "total war" situation required the accommodation of greatly increased numbers of both the traditional arms of the military and also the plethora of people and operations required by the new technologies of air power and armour. The basic module of the series was the P1 Sleeping or Stores hut, which could be modified to produce such things as guard huts, messes, medical aid posts, classrooms and offices. It was rectangular in plan, raised on stumps, made with a timber frame, various wall cladding and a gable roof. They were designed to be made of readily available local materials and constructed by local contractors using common building techniques. Tens of thousands of P1 huts were built across Australia between 1939 and 1945; but despite being conceived of as temporary their adaptability and inherent strength meant they survived on many military sites long after WWII ended. However, more recently, changes in the standards of accommodation demanded by the standing armed forces, which were formed in the wake of that conflict, have meant these huts have disappeared from sites where they were once plentiful. This has occurred Australia-wide. Five of those still on the Jezzine Barracks site are in situ.</p><br>
<p>By 1943 the immediate threat of Japanese seaborne attack had passed and the war had begun to move north, so the need for a coastal anti-aircraft defence battery at Kissing Point was eliminated. During 1943 the 4.7 inch guns were removed to the Cape Pallarenda Coastal Battery. A photograph from this period shows that the iron palisade constructed with the fortification in 1891 was still in place. Another shows parts of the site around the parade ground were used as a fuel dump and building materials store. The emphasis of war efforts shifted to long range anti-aircraft defence and Townsville became a major garrison town and logistics base.</p><br>
<p>Following WWII Jezzine Barracks was used as a base for various units including the 31st Battalion or Kennedy Regiment. In 1947 the Australian Regular Army had formed and was to be supported by a reorganised Citizen Military Force. This force became the basis of the national service scheme instituted by the Australian Government in 1951 and Jezzine Barracks from 1955 was used as a training depot for these groups. A flagstaff and base was removed from the American War Cemetery at Belgian Gardens, after the bodies were exhumed for repatriation in 1946, and installed at the fortification site.</p><br>
<p>From the late 1940s the Army erected a number of other P1 type huts on the barracks site, in addition to those erected during the course of the war. Roads were gradually formalised, generally being extensions of the town street grid. By 1952 a Bellman Hangar, a prefabricated metal-framed and -clad structure designed to be re-located with ease, was brought from an unknown location and had been erected on Cook Street to serve as a warehouse. In 1957 the original Kissing Point defence reserve was subdivided and a lot on its eastern end was transferred to the Townsville City Council where they built a rock-enclosed, ocean bathing pool. Between 1962 and 1964 the 31st Royal Queensland Regiment headquarters administration building and training depot was constructed of brick and concrete over one level (3/SP211556). Other facilities for a modern professional army populated the site, including six married-quarters houses along the north-eastern end of Howitt Street. During this time many of the earlier, nineteenth century buildings on site were demolished. In the late 1960s the WWII searchlight emplacements in the Kissing Point fortification were demolished, the 1891 gun emplacements and magazine partially destroyed and filled in, and the casemate retained in use as a store, a process which represented substantial changes to the fortification site. It was after the mid-1960s that Lavarack Barracks, also in Townsville to the south-west of the Townsville CBD and Castle Hill, was developed and the Shoalwater Bay Training Area north-east of Rockhampton established, Jezzine Barracks being too constrained by urban development by this time to accommodate such expansion. Jezzine House (4/SP211556) was built in 1993, on a site very near to where the police inspector&#39;s residence was erected in.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 a team headed by the Army Museum of North Queensland Committee of Management and assisted by many Army and local volunteers began the work of remaking what had been destroyed at the Kissing Point fortification just over a decade before, uncovering what had been buried and generally returning it to what was deemed to be its original state. With the permission of the Townsville Harbour Board, several steel door frames and lintels were taken from the Magazine Island Battery and installed at Kissing Point. The Museum opened in the Casemate Store Rooms in 1980. A memorial to the centenary of the 31st Battalion, Kennedy Regiment, was installed against the fortification&#39;s landward stone retaining wall in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The fortification completed at Magazine Island not long after that at Kissing Point and intended to work in concert with it, was identified as being of no further value for military purposes and free for disposal by the Commonwealth in 1919. The Townsville Harbour Board was leased the site before being offered the freehold on the property in 1927. It leased the land to two oil companies and proceeded to demolish all but the original battery complex by 1929. These were demolished in 1983-4, in the final stage of the harbour&#39;s expansion.</p><br>
<p>In 1997 Jezzine Barracks, including the outcrop where the Kissing Point fortifications stand, was identified by the Australian Government as a potentially disposable land holding, a decision that instigated a round of studies and community consultation to establish what this would entail and how the site&#39;s heritage values would be retained. The public, through community activism illustrated in numerous newspaper articles, formation of a lobbying alliance and representations to local members of both Queensland and Australian parliaments, demonstrated its strong concern regarding these issues. Members of the local council also voiced concern about the future of the site, its importance to the community and the need for it to be used for public purposes. The fortifications were added to the Commonwealth Heritage List in 2004. In 2006 a public announcement was made by the Australian Government that certain parts of the site would be gifted to the Townsville City Council as Trustees, while the Australian Government would retain ownership of the headquarters building and Jezzine House, which remains the residence of the highest-ranking officer in the region despite all troops having been shifted to Lavarack Barracks in 2007. To enable this partial transfer of land the entire site was configured into seven lots and the internal roads were formalised. Prior to the transfer of land to the Townsville City Council, as a part of its remediation of the site, the Department of Defence removed most of the structures on 1 and 6/SP211556.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The military site at North Ward in Townsville - as bounded by Cook, Isley, Mitchell and Howitt Streets and the threshold of littoral land and cliffs facing the ocean - consists of two main precincts: the Kissing Point fortification and Jezzine Barracks. These occupy seven recently configured allotments. The fortification sits on a rocky outcrop in the north-east corner of the site, while the barracks spreads out at its feet to the west and south and is arranged around a series of roads. The heritage boundary in the Queensland Heritage Register encompasses the whole of the Kissing Point fortification and part of the Barracks complex.</p><br>
<p>The views from the site, particularly those gained from the vantage point of the fortification, are panoramic and take in Pallarenda Beach and the Cape Pallarenda to the north-west, The Strand beach and Townsville harbour in the fore to middle grounds, and then Magnetic Island to the north and Mount Elliot to the south-east, both in the distance across Cleveland Bay. These views and the wider landscape of which they form a part are highly valued by the community and are bound up in the siting of the fortification for coastal defence purposes and the sense of security it has afforded Townsville since 1891.</p><br>
<p>Around the landward side of the outcrop where the fortification is sited are a number of stone retaining walls, the date of which is unknown.</p><br>
<h3>Kissing Point Fortifications</h3><br>
<p>Sited on the easternmost of two rocky outcrops that occupy the headland separating Rowes Bay and Cleveland Bay about two and a half kilometres north of Townsville city centre, the Kissing Point fortification comprises: two gun emplacements, an underground magazine and a casemate store, one machine gun position, a lookout and two Depression range finder (DRF) positions organised along a broad sunken pathway formed by an embanked parapet on one side and a long, low sandstone block retaining wall on the other, which opens out to form a small manning parade ground. Formal access to the fortification is via a roadway adjoining the northern end of the structure, while a track at the opposite end leads from the end of The Strand. The cliffs of the headland, the foreshore below and the ocean form the eastern perimeter of the fortification, while to the west a partially grassed and treed band of ground gives way after a steep, short slope to the eastern side of the Jezzine Barracks site.</p><br>
<p>The sunken pathway runs from the north-west to the south-east following the general contours and shape of the outcrop. Off its seaward edge are arranged, from north to south, the casemate with its tall red brick facade and three rooms recessed into the earth, the 1905 DRF and Battery Commander&#39;s Post, the lookout, the first gun emplacement, the magazine structure, and then the second gun emplacement. Forming the landward edge of the pathway is a low retaining wall of rough stone blocks. Into this are inserted one machine gun position opposite the casemate and the manning parade in the southern corner. Set off from the southernmost gun emplacement by approximately 18 metres is another DRF position.</p><br>
<h4>Casemate or Underground Store Rooms</h4><br>
<p>This structure is recessed into the earth and features concrete outer retaining walls, a concrete roof fitted with six steel vents and a commanding red brick facade addressing the sunken pathway, the west and a small machine gun emplacement. Done in Old English bond, this wall face is about five metres along its highest section connected to sloping side wings also constructed of brick. Three arched openings in this facade, about four metres wide, have been variously in-filled; two with concrete and a central strip of steel containing single steel doors and the last with steel partitioning and a central steel door. Above the archways are small circular openings that have been in-filled. Inside are three barrel-vaulted underground rooms or bays, the thick separating walls of which are brick and feature a number of doorways. The larger two rooms were for storage and measured about 8.5 x 5.5 metres (28 x 18 feet) in plan and 3 metres high (10 feet). The telephone room measures about 3.65 x 3 metres (12 x 10 feet) and almost 2.8 metres (9 feet) at the highest line of the vault. New quarry tile flooring has been installed throughout and all other interior surfaces have been painted sometime after 1997.</p><br>
<h4>Lookout</h4><br>
<p>This feature comprises a narrow passageway and stairs sunk into the earth and opening into the eastern side of the pathway, at the end of which is a sheltered lookout point. Its sides are retained with concrete walling that project a few centimetres above the ground.</p><br>
<h4>Magazine</h4><br>
<p>This brick and concrete structure comprises a series of rooms, corridors and trenches largely recessed into the earth that were used for the safe storage of ammunition and its protected delivery to the gun emplacements on either side. Opposing steep flights of stairs give access to a central bay of small, partly underground rooms, over which further side stairs give access to a long platform forming part of the roof to these spaces. A narrow passageway or trench led from this platform to a small DRF trench, square in plan with rounded corners, sitting near the sea cliffs. A slight depression corresponding to its general dimensions is all the remains above ground of this feature. The facade of the magazine is face brick done in Old English bond with two openings, an arched steel doorway and an arched window. Steel grilles fill the arches. Inside the magazine itself are a number of small rooms opening off a lobby and enclosed by a narrow corridor called a lamp passage. The rear room was the shell store. To the rear of these is another space from which lead two opposing passageways or tunnels connect to the gun emplacements via a gently sloping floor. The interior walls are recently painted brick, while the vaulted ceilings are off-form concrete as are the floors. There were once cartridge lifting devices at the ends of these tunnels used to raise the ammunition to the gun pit level. The associated openings were sealed during restoration in 1979–1980. The walls feature various recesses. A number of brick-lined ventilation shafts project from three of the rooms in the magazine; however, only one has an early steel vent attached. This structure has been much restored as it was partly demolished during the 1960s. Painted steel tubular handrails are fitted to the stairs and open ledges. A large gravel bed has been laid over the general footprint of the northern tunnel, while two BBQs have been installed to the south, as well as a smaller gravel bed and a memorial wall.</p><br>
<h4>Gun Emplacements</h4><br>
<p>The two gun emplacements comprise a generally circular platform retained by semi-circles of concrete parapet walling to the east and accessed by stairs from the sunken pathway. Each parapet wall connects to the cartridge lift locations where the magazine tunnels end and feature a number of recesses known as expense magazines where various shell and cartridge components were stored before loading of the guns. In the centre of the circular platform is a concrete upstand or dwarf platform where two guns are currently mounted. The easternmost gun is a 6-inch Armstrong Mark V Coastal Defence Gun (Serial No. 7469) which investigation has shown was one of those installed at Kissing Point in 1892 and later salvaged from a crevice in the nearby cliff face. The westernmost gun is a 6-inch Armstrong breech loading gun (Serial No. 3777) that was part of the arsenal of Magazine Island Fort and acquired by the Army Museum of North Queensland in 1983-1984 when it was finally demolished.</p><br>
<h4>Depression Range Finder Positions</h4><br>
<p>These are mounting positions for DRFs and comprise a small trench about a metre and a half square and half a metre deep. In the centre on a base is a concrete pedestal where the DRF was mounted. At Kissing Point the northernmost of these (installed 1905) is accessed via a set of narrow concrete stairs and sits between the casemate and lookout, it and its access way sunk into the battered earth and natural rock. This position retains part of the steel fixing at the top of the pillar to which the DRF was attached. Another sat above the magazine (described above); while the other sits off about 18 meters to the south-east of the southernmost gun emplacement near the cliff edge. It is formed with concrete walls in five facets and a slab. It is about half a metre deep with a central pedestal and a short flight of stairs leading into its south-east side. The narrow trench that connected this position to the sunken pathway is no longer evident.</p><br>
<h4>Manning Parade Ground</h4><br>
<p>The manning parade ground consists of an area of flat ground enclosed on three sides by the low stone retaining wall that forms the landward defence of the fortification. There are simple garden beds ranged against its three sides.</p><br>
<h4>Machine Gun Position</h4><br>
<p>This is a small semicircle of ground sheltered by the low retaining wall sited opposite the casemate store. There is no longer evidence of the machine gun position located in the south-east corner of the parade ground.</p><br>
<h4>Memorials</h4><br>
<p>The American War Cemetery flagstaff sits between the sea cliffs and the magazine and features eight memorial bronze plaques at its base. Nearby is another memorial comprising a low wall with an undulating cap. A further memorial is set off from the low retaining wall about halfway along its length and comprises a standing stone with a plaque commemorating the centenary of 31st Battalion, the Kennedy Regiment.</p><br>
<h3>Jezzine Barracks</h3><br>
<p>The Jezzine Barracks complex consisted of five main areas of development aside from the fortification (above) and the parade ground (see below). The first, to the south-west of the fortification outcrop, was characterised by a range of small single-storey, steel- framed sheds and timber-framed and -clad huts with either gabled or skillion roofs of corrugated steel arranged around a series of secondary roadways and open drainage lines. The second area, to the south of the fortification and strung along the easterly end of Howitt Street, featured six timber-framed and -clad married quarters houses on tall stumps (mid-1960s). The third and fourth areas, adjacent to the west of the fortification outcrop, are dominated by the structures of Jezzine House (1993) and the 31 RQR headquarters building (1962–1964). The former comprises a double-storey, rendered masonry structure with decorative timber detailing set amongst mature gardens and on higher ground accessed via a sweeping drive. The latter concrete and masonry building is planned around an internal courtyard. It comprises offices and a porticoed entrance that addresses the parade ground; and a drill hall and mess rooms at the rear. The fifth area, to the far west along Cook Street, has most recently been the headquarters of the 11 Brigade and features: the Bellman Hangar (early 1950s) and a large open space between it and the intersection with Howitt Street enclosed by trees along Cook Street.</p><br>
<h4>P1 Type Huts</h4><br>
<p>To the immediate south-west of the remains of the entrance gates to the fortification are situated five P1 type huts, which appear to remain in the positions they had obtained early in World War II. Rectangular in plan, these timber-framed huts have gable roofs, the ridges of which run north-west to south-east. Roof cladding is profiled steel, while the eaves are unlined. They are all raised to varying heights off the sloping ground on prefabricated, concrete stumps. External walls are single skin with the frame exposed on the interior, while internal partitions are similarly framed with silky oak infill panels. The original cladding of vertically-jointed timber remains extant on each hut. All feature aluminium-framed louvers and sliders. A single board door opens from the short end of each hut onto a short flight of timber stairs. Surrounding the huts is a series of concrete paths and open drains lined with sandstone blocks. These are oriented with the huts. Within the north-facing courtyard formed by these huts is a large, half-buried sandstone boulder inscribed with the date 1901.</p><br>
<h4>Parade Ground</h4><br>
<p>The parade ground addresses Howitt Street and has been enclosed by north-westerly extensions of Mitchell and Eyre Streets onto the Barracks site (formation complete by 1952) and another sealed road running between these and in front of the 31 RQR headquarters building. It is necessarily flat and grassed with some trees lining its perimeter, most notably those to the north and north-east.</p><br>
<h2>Army Museum of North Queensland</h2><br>
<p>The Army Museum of North Queensland is located in a refurbished building in the Jezzine Barracks and focuses on the history of the Australian Army in North Queensland. Exhibits include photos, weapons, artillery, uniforms,regalia and more. There are dioramas with historic items related to the Colonial era, World War I and World War II, the Vietnam and Korean Wars, and modern day operations. There is also a display about Sir John Lavarack and Lavarack Barracks.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kissing Point Fortification and part of Jezzine Barracks were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 February 2010 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Constructed in 1891 on a headland affording panoramic views of the northern and eastern approaches to Townsville harbour, the small fortification at Kissing Point evocatively demonstrates theories and practices regarding fixed points of coastal defence working in concert with naval power, which had considerable currency in the late nineteenth century after all Imperial garrisons had been withdrawn from the Australian colonies. These types of fortifications were built at various points of strategic importance - such as Lytton and Green Hill on Thursday Island, also in Queensland; Fort Scratchley and Bare Island Fort in New South Wales; Fort Queenscliff and others on Port Phillip Bay in Victoria; and Fort Glanville in South Australia - and provide important evidence of how the colonies devised and operated their own schemes of defence. The Kissing Point fortification highlights the role Townsville played as an early, important Queensland port serving a vibrant regional economy.</p><br>
<p>The low-lying land to the south and west of the fort, where Jezzine Barracks developed during World War II, was used from 1887 for regular training and from 1889 for annual encampments by north Queensland military forces, including militia, national service and cadet units, battalions mobilised during both world wars, and the 31st Battalion North Queensland Regiment, formed in 1947 as a continuation of the Kennedy Regiment. Evidence of this long pattern of military use remains extant in the parade ground occupying 7/SP211556. The five P1 huts associated with the Barracks, installed in their current location during World War II in the south-western quadrant of 5/SP211556, are important and increasingly rare icons of Australia&#39;s participation in this conflict, the outbreak of which precipitated an unparalleled and urgent defence build up on home soil that relied heavily on prefabricated structures.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Kissing Point fortification and the site immediately surrounding it has experienced a significant amount of disturbance during two key phases of demolition and restoration; first in the late 1960s and then in 1979-80; however it may still provide valuable archaeological evidence of the design and construction responses made to adapt these kinds of standard battery designs to local conditions. As it belongs to a colonial system of defence that stretches along the entire east coast of Australia, the Kissing Point fortifications would benefit from and add detail to the body of evidence gleaned from these other locations.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Kissing Point fortification is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a nineteenth century coastal battery, of which there were only four built in Queensland (three extant, one demolished), and remain a significant demonstration of the State&#39;s pre-aviation military strategy and technology. The surviving fabric provides a snapshot of this period of international conflict and the approach to coastal defence of the newly self-governing colonies of Australia. The battery at Kissing Point retains its relevant, original parts - two gun emplacements, an underground magazine, depression range finder locations, a lookout, casemate store rooms, a machine gun position, and a manning parade ground. Also remaining uncompromised is the relationship between these elements enclosed within an embanked, seaward parapet and a landward retaining wall, and the panoramic views of the wider littoral and marine landscape, which was an essential component of its defensive purpose.</p><br>
<p>The Kissing Point fortification is an important example of the work of the designer and construction supervisor, Major Edward Druitt RE, who made a significant contribution to the defence of Queensland in the late nineteenth century as a military engineer engaged on this installation, and others on Magazine and Thursday Islands. In addition the place is an important example of the strategic defence planning work of Lieutenant-Colonel PH Scratchley who implemented the ideas central to the 1877 scheme of defence for Queensland devised by Sir WFD Jervois and himself, and later extended them when he advised specific measures for the defence of Townsville including fortification of Kissing Point. These recommendations were made to the Queensland government at a time when all the Australian colonies had to defend themselves without the aid of Imperial garrisons against a number of potential threats in the Pacific region. Scratchley played a key role in this national system of coastal defence.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>Kissing Point belongs to a coastal landscape of granite outcrops, headlands and hills around Townsville, which forms a dramatic backdrop to the Great Barrier Reef Natural World Heritage Area, a vast territory of spectacular scenery esteemed internationally for its unique biological, zoological and geological qualities. The wide-ranging views the fortification affords north-west to Cape Pallarenda, west to Magnetic Island and south-east over Cleveland Bay and the harbour to Mount Elliot, have been valued by generations of visitors to the site. It has also displayed striking landmark qualities for the numerous people who have appreciated the Point from other vantage points around Townsville and Cleveland Bay since early in the settlement&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Kissing Point fortification and Jezzine Barracks (part) has strong associations for both the military and civilian communities of Townsville as a source of security and pride, evident since the earliest annual encampments held at the site in the late 1880s. These associations also are bound up in the aesthetic appeal of its location and the 45 kilometre range of views afforded across the city to Castle Hill, and over Cleveland Bay and Rowes Bay. This community attachment to the place was evidenced by widespread concern after the site was identified for disposal in 1997 and the widely supported public campaign that resulted in the transfer of the place to the Townsville City Council in trust in 2009, specifically for public use and benefit.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Kissing Point fortification, the Jezzine Barracks P1 huts and its parade ground taken together are significant for their almost continuous association with the Kennedy Regiment, one of Queensland&#39;s oldest military units. First formed in 1886 in Townsville; it continued with one designation or another within the Federation-era Queensland militia forces; then contributed members to the two Imperial Forces that served in World Wars I and II and who garnered battle honours during both conflicts, later operated as a battalion and briefly as a company of the Australian Army, and was headquartered at the Barracks from 1947 until 2007.</p><br>
<p>North Ward Defence Complex is a heritage-listed barracks at 46 Oxley Street, North Ward, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1885 to. It is also known as 11 Brigade Administration Support Battalion Headquarters Company and Oxley Street Defence site. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The North Ward Defence Complex, development of which began in 1885, was constructed as a Volunteer Defence Training facility. The majority of the present buildings on the site date from to.</p><br>
<p>In the 1840s Britain gave its colonies a limited amount of self-rule. One of the reasons for the decision was the cost of maintaining government responsibilities in the far flung empire. While the British Government retained control of foreign relations and international trade and some aspects of defence, the colonies were given more responsibility for their own defence. Military property was transferred from the Imperial Board of Ordnance in London to local colonial control. England supplied and paid the troops and the colonies were responsible for other military needs.</p><br>
<p>It was not until the discovery of gold in the 1850s that the need for a strong military presence in Australia was seen to be necessary. Gold shipments required protection within the country and shipments at sea needed protection from privateers. Compounding these problems was the perceived threat of invasion during the buildup to the Crimean War. Because the Imperial British forces were likely to be directly engaged in the Crimea the Australian colonies began to develop volunteer forces for their own defence purposes. These volunteers supplied all their own needs except weapons and instruction.</p><br>
<p>During the second half of the 19th century international instability gave rise to concerns about military preparedness in the Australian colonies. Until 1878 Queensland&#39;s defences ended at Rockhampton. The rest of the coast was undefended until the formation of Townsville No.4 Battery and Garrison Artillery. The Townsville Battery was raised as a tactical response to the threat of seaborn attack, especially from privateers who might be interested in shipments of gold from the port of Townsville. Despite the establishment of No.4 Battery and Garrison Artillery there was still some concern in the Townsville community about the preparedness of the city for attack during the 1880s and early 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Efforts were made to improve Queensland&#39;s defence force, however these were unsatisfactory and volunteers continued to attend parades at their own expense. In a move to improve the situation the Queensland Government introduced the Defence Act of 1884, which provided for permanent artillery and a partially paid militia.</p><br>
<p>The North Ward Defence Complex appears to have been developed as a response to the 1884 legislation. It appears that the first building, contracted for in 1885 and constructed, was a drill hall. About 1890 a two-storeyed brick office and stores building was erected at the corner of Oxley and Mitchell Streets, and in a separate contract, Staff Officers Quarters, Stables and Fencing were erected. These early buildings were designed in the Queensland Colonial Architects office.</p><br>
<p>In 1904 the Queensland Government Architect Alfred Barton Brady approved drawings prepared by District Architect Thomas Pye for a new drill hall and administrative offices. The drawings indicate that the existing Staff Quarters, Stores and Offices Building, Stables and small shed were to be retained, but that the original drill hall was to be removed. The new hall was completed in 1905-06.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 James Bevan Edwards, a senior regular British officer, visited Australia to advise the colonies on how to improve their military defences. His visit reflected both local and imperial concerns including moves towards Federation and hostile incursions into the Pacific Region. Edwards, basing his ideas on what was happening in Europe and England, advised the Australian colonies to amalgamate their permanent forces and to form a federal voluntary militia from their paid citizen soldiers.</p><br>
<p>Edwards&#39; suggestions were considered at conferences attended by the colonial commanders in 1894 and 1896 but nothing was resolved. On 1 March 1901 the volunteer militia of the six colonies passed into the jurisdiction of the Australian Government under the administration of the Department of Defence without being formally amalgamated into one Australian army. The Australian Government had to decide whether to amalgamate the six colonial volunteer militia forces or to raise a new force. With the passing of the Defence Act of 1903 the Commonwealth Government amalgamated the six colonial militia forces into a paid voluntary force which would defend Australian sovereignty both overseas and in Australia. Unpaid volunteers were confined to the defence of Australia.</p><br>
<p>The threat of war in Europe in 1914 saw members of the militia and the volunteer forces clamouring to join the Australian expeditionary force. In all, over 50,000 militia joined the Australian Infantry Force (AIF) during the First World War, signalling the demise of the volunteer force as the main military organisation in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The North Ward Defence Complex became a focus for cadet training after the First World War. Compulsory military training was instigated after the war for young men between the ages of eighteen and nineteen, who lived in cities and large towns. Responsibility for junior cadet training reverted to the states while senior cadet training no longer really existed beyond physical training and rifle practice.</p><br>
<p>The Cadets Orderly Room had deteriorated by 1908 and in August the Commonwealth Inspector for Public Works, RN Quinn recommend that it be demolished and that the Sergeants Room be partitioned to create space for the cadets. These works were carried out and the building has remained largely unchanged since.</p><br>
<p>In 1937 the Commonwealth Defence Department began negotiations to acquire the remainder of the town block bordered by Leichhardt and Oxley Streets on which the Defence buildings were located. Negotiations with the Queensland Government were protracted and it was not until 19 October 1939 that the purchase was finalised.</p><br>
<p>A plan of the site indicates that the galvanised iron clad, saw-tooth roofed Quartermaster&#39;s Store (Building No. 8), located on what was the newly purchased land, was constructed by 1942.</p><br>
<p>Other corrugated iron buildings on the site are likely to have been 19th century structures. Two timber framed, corrugated iron store buildings along Mitchell Street were demolished in August 2000, one of which appears to have been the stables. Some minor alterations were made to the Drill Hall in the 1970s and some alterations were made to the 1890 Offices and Stores Building when it was converted to the 11 Brigade dentist&#39;s surgery.</p><br>
<p>Concrete block toilets were constructed to the rear of the Drill Hall at the time women were allowed to join the armed forces in the late 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The complex is no longer owned by the Department of Defence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former North Ward Defence Complex is located on a town block bounded by Oxley, Leichhardt and Mitchell Streets and the Strand. The entrance to the complex is off Mitchell Street. Most of the buildings face into the complex, but the office section of the 1905-1906 Drill Hall faces Leichhardt Street. Vacant land at the front of the block faces the Strand.</p><br>
<p>At one stage there were 28 buildings and structures on the site. Three buildings are identified as being of cultural heritage significance:</p><br>
<h3>Former Offices and Stores Building (1890)</h3><br>
<p>This building is constructed in English bond red brick. There is a gable in the roof over the gantry which is located over the large central opening at the first floor level. The opening has a modern glazed door in it. The building has timber double hung windows and a pair of original V-jointed board doors at ground floor level. One door on the ground floor has been covered over with sheet metal. Its rubbed brick arches - flat arches, distinguish the building over the window and single door openings, segmented arches over the large ground and first floor level openings. The building has a hipped corrugated iron roof with slatted boxed eaves to all elevations. The interior of the building, while possibly retaining some of its original form, has been converted into office space and extensively remodelled.</p><br>
<h3>Administration Offices and Storeroom (former Drill Hall and Offices, 1905-06)</h3><br>
<p>The offices and hall building is a timber framed structure consisting of sections of both exposed timber studs to the exterior with vertical V-jointed board to the inside, and conventional weatherboard clad section. The exposed stud detail is located under the verandah only. The wing of the building, with its long elevation to Mitchell Street has a corrugated iron gabled roof with a semi-circular gabled vent while the longitudinal wing has a hipped corrugated galvanised iron roof with a vent to the south-east gabled end. The roof has areas of both open and slatted vented eaves. The structure sits on concrete stumps.</p><br>
<p>Doors are generally four panelled timber with pairs of doors with a highlight over to doors opening to the verandah. The windows are pivoted timber framed sashes, some of which appear to have been converted from double hung. The interior of the Mitchell Street wing has been relined but the other wing retains much of its original V-jointed lining boards.</p><br>
<h3>Offices (former Staff Quarters, )</h3><br>
<p>The administration building is a timber; six room former residential building with a pyramidal corrugated iron roof. The building is constructed on brick piers. Chamfer boards clad the external walls and verandah roof. The structure is exposed wooden stud framing to the verandah side with beaded lining boards facing the rooms. The building has an encircling verandah, which has been sheeted in with fibre cement sheet, timber trellis work and windows, and doors, which have been added at a relatively recent date. The verandah has a curved corrugated iron roof. The former service block at the rear of the building, which adjoins the south-west portion of the verandah, is a timber framed fibre cement sheet slatted timber structure with a corrugated iron skillion roof.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the rooms are generally uniform in detail with French doors with highlights over to the verandah to most rooms and four panel doors with highlights over to the passage. The doorways at either end of the passage have four panel doors with sidelights and highlights.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former North Ward Defence Complex was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 August 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former North Ward Defence Complex, elements of which date from through to 1942, is important in illustrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, being evidence of the Colonial response to changes in British military defence policy, the training of Queensland militia under both colonial and Federal administrations, and the continued occupation as a defence complex for over a century.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The 1890 Former Offices and Stores Building and the 1905-06 former timber Drill Hall and Administrative Offices are rare surviving examples of their type and period of construction in Queensland. The drill hall in particular is one of only two Federation-era drill halls surviving in Queensland, the other being at Rockhampton. These buildings also are important in illustrating the principal characteristics of the work of the Queensland Government Architect&#39;s Office in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>As a mainly pre-1945 military complex, the North Ward Defence Complex is important in illustrating the principal characteristics of its type, including the composition and arrangement of buildings and structures, and is significant for its contribution to an understanding of the infrastructure required for the training of volunteer militia in Queensland prior to the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The buildings and the 1905-06 Former Drill Hall and Administrative Offices have aesthetic value engendered by their form, fabric, detailing and scale. The two-storeyed, Former Brick Offices and Store has landmark value in the Mitchell Street streetscape.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The North Ward Defence Complex is significant for its long association with the Queensland Volunteer Defence Forces, and their important contribution to the defence of Queensland.</p><br>
<p>RAAF Operations Building Site is a heritage-listed command post at Green Street, West End, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1942. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former RAAF Operations building was constructed in 1942 as an operation and signals building for the Royal Australian Air Force. The building was operated in association with RAAF Base Townsville established at Garbutt some kilometres to the west, and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) Base. The lower section was constructed of reinforced concrete with a flat concrete roof, while a timber "residence" was built on top of the operations building to conceal it from the air.</p><br>
<p>Townsville was established as a port in 1864, in association with pastoral expansion of the time. Pastoralists had pushed the frontier of non-Indigenous settlement north as far as Rockhampton by the late 1850s. In search of additional productive runs, pastoralists continued moving north along the Queensland coast and inland. The Townsville site was recommended to the Queensland Government as a suitable port by two pastoralists, Robert Towns and John Melton Black, being part of Black&#39;s pastoral holdings. Land was sold from 1865 when the town was proclaimed a port of entry and a small settlement developed. By 1866, Townsville supported banks and hotels, wharves and stores and a local newspaper.</p><br>
<p>By the late nineteenth century, Townsville had established the necessary infrastructure to be the dominant city of the north. Apart from the port, the railway head and the location of the Supreme Court in the north, there were other things in its favour, and the town was proclaimed a city in 1902. In the early 1920s, the North Coast rail line from Brisbane to Townsville was completed, prompting further development within the town fuelled by these transport links. By 1940, when the Second World War was being fought predominantly in Europe and North Africa, Townsville had a population of about 30,000. With the entry of the Japanese and Americans into the war in late 1941, the population of Townsville swelled with a huge influx of both Australian and American troops. Military personnel outnumbered civilians by more than three to one as the population headed towards 100,000.</p><br>
<p>The Australian Air Force (AAF) was established on 31 March 1921, becoming the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) on 31 August of the same year. Prior to that, the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) had begun in 1914 and was based at Point Cook in Victoria, where aviation training was carried out. Administratively, however, the AFC was part of the existing armed forces, and it was not until the formation of the RAAF that an independent air force was established as part of the Australian armed services.</p><br>
<p>An airfield for civil aviation was established at Townsville by the city council in the late 1920s. The site of this field was quite poor, however, and an alternative site at Garbutt, west of the city centre, was chosen for a new airfield. This site was part of the large reserve of low-lying land known as the Town Common, used primarily for grazing. Land was cleared and the airfield prepared, opening in January 1939 and operated by the Townsville City Council. Facilities were almost non-existent, with a single runway consisting of a gravelled path.</p><br>
<p>The increase in Japanese military activity in the Pacific in the late 1930s led the Australian Government to establish air bases in the north of Australia. The Department of Defence began negotiations with the Townsville City Council to transfer the Garbutt aerodrome to the Commonwealth in early 1939. The acquisition was completed on 12 December 1940 and construction of a series of buildings began for the RAAF on site, including hangars, workshops, accommodation buildings and mess rooms. The existing lightly gravelled runway, originally 100 feet wide, was upgraded to RAAF status to 150 feet and lengthened. By mid-1941, 24 Squadron of the RAAF were based at Garbutt. Civil aviation also continued at the site during this period.</p><br>
<p>The base was further developed by the Americans in late 1941. War was looming in the Pacific in the early 1940s, as it had in Europe in the late 1930s. The Americans required bases in the region to maintain supplies to their forces in the Philippines, and by late 1941 the USAAF was in Townsville to develop its own facilities at the RAAF base. The American base, United States of America 4th Air Depot, Garbutt, was planned for aircraft repair and assembly. A large camp was constructed with 35 "igloo" type buildings used as repair shops, stores and office accommodation.</p><br>
<p>With the bombing of Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 the Americans had been brought into the war. The Japanese advance south was swift and successful, taking the Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya and Rabaul in January and Singapore in February 1942. In the same month Darwin was bombed. Faced with the threat of invasion, (Townsville was put on invasion alert on 1 May 1942), the Australian and American Governments began to develop a major military base in the Townsville region. As a result, the air base at Townsville was further expanded as thousands of troops descended upon the city. Further air fields were developed west of Garbutt, and further west again at Charters Towers and Macrossan. The sphere of influence of the Townsville base was much wider than before. Townsville became the base for North East Area Command, with its major responsibility the protecting of sea lanes to the north to Port Moresby.</p><br>
<p>During the war, particularly in the early part of the Pacific campaign, the Townsville air base was crucial to fighting. Along with Darwin, the base was one of the principal air transport centres in Australia, an important air base of strategic value. It was also one of the few air bases in Australia from which fighter aircraft engaged enemy aircraft.</p><br>
<p>The operations building at Green Street was constructed in 1942 as part of the rapid development of the Garbutt air base, after the commencement of the war in the Pacific. The site chosen for the building was some kilometres from the air force base, in an undeveloped portion of land that contained one or two sheds and fowl houses. This area may have been part of the Town Common, providing a common area for grazing and tending to animals. The operations building did not need to be located on the air base, and in some respects, it was more appropriately sited off base. The activities carried out within the building were not strictly related to the daily operations at the air base, but were however, quite sensitive and extremely important to the Allied war effort.</p><br>
<p>Drawings for the building were prepared in April 1942 by engineers in the Department of the Interior. The drawings indicate the sensitive nature of the building. The building&#39;s function was not referred to in any construction drawings. It was usually referred to as "RAAF Project No 81" or "Reinforced concrete building No 81", and the drawings for the preparation of the site were stamped "SECRET".</p><br>
<p>It is likely that the building was constructed by the Allied Works Council (AWC), the organisation established to coordinate the construction of wartime buildings in Australia. The AWC was established in February 1942, and undertook most of the construction of the necessary wartime infrastructure such as buildings like the one at Green Street. AWC records indicate that a reinforced concrete operational control building in Townsville had been completed by June 1942. Its construction had been designated an "A1" priority, and its total cost was £30,000. The building described is quite probably the one in Green Street. Designed as a rectangular building of reinforced concrete construction, a "traverse" or protective wall, three metres high, was shown on drawings, constructed around the perimeter of the building to protect it from attack. The external walls and all the internal walls of the operations building were constructed of reinforced concrete. To disguise the building from the air, a separate building was constructed at one end of the flat roof of the building. Of timber construction with a corrugated iron dwelling, this additional dwelling was designed to resemble a typical domestic dwelling, so that when viewed from the air, the complex would be inconspicuous.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the reinforced concrete building contained a crew room, operations room, a signals office, receiving room, rooms for intelligence, navigations, signals and meteorological offices, an emergency power plant and a telephone exchange. A cypher room and strong room were also provided. The building had its own air conditioning system; a small fan room separate from the main part of the building was constructed to the west of the main building and provided air conditioning plant and servicing to the operations room. Air conditioning ducts were run through the main corridor of the building.</p><br>
<p>A separate orderly hut, lavatory block and miscellaneous hut were also constructed. The two hut buildings had "dummy" stove recesses to further disguise the nature of the site. The construction drawings indicate that the iron to be used on the roofs of the buildings was to be painted to look older than it actually was. The drawings of these buildings were prepared in August 1942 by ET Doig, the Superintending Engineer of the Department of the Interior.</p><br>
<p>The building functioned as an overall communications centre for the base of the North East Area command, an area on the north-eastern coast of Australia to the Gulf of Carpentaria and up to Port Moresby. The movements of Australian aircraft within this strategic area were controlled from this building. Flight operations were planned and monitored from here, briefing and debriefing sessions with pilots were carried out. In May 1942 the Battle of the Coral Sea was fought, a naval and aerial assault against the Japanese off the north-east coast of Australia. A significant Allied victory, the Battle of the Coral Sea was the first major repulse of the Japanese in the Pacific after their series of successful conquests south since December 1941.</p><br>
<p>While designed to resemble a residence, the timber building constructed on top of the operations building was a major part of the facility as well. An L-shaped structure, it contained rooms for an adjutant, an orderly&#39;s room, and warrant officer and an engineer officer, as well as another strong room. There were no internal links between the buildings, the timber building being accessed by timber staircases to the ground. A flower box, shrubs and an artificial tree were placed around the building to emphasise its domestic appearance. The drawings prepared for the building indicate that "timber" battening and supporting posts were to be painted on the traverse, again, to hide the presence of the operations building. Further camouflage work was undertaken on the remaining section of the concrete roof in the form of garnished netting. Camouflage is an important component of the art of warfare. The term came into use during the First World War and was derived from the French term "camoufler", meaning to "make up for the stage". A general definition of camouflage is the "art of concealing that you are concealing". All manner of war material and personnel can and have been camouflaged.</p><br>
<p>The manner of camouflage employed at the Green Street site, with the construction of a house on top of the concrete ground floor was that of concealment. From the air, the operations building would have looked like a typical Queensland house. Further, the other buildings on site, with their dummy stove recesses, skillion roofs and other disguising elements, would not have been conspicuous. Techniques like this were popular ways to disguise structures from the air. In many instances large factories were disguised by draping equally large camouflage nets across them that were painted in such a way that from the air the scene resembled a typical residence or rural landscape. In America during the Second World War, aircraft factories in California were concealed in this way.</p><br>
<p>The Green Street site was not the only intelligence unit in the area, nor was it the only camouflaged building. The Royal Australian Air Force operated the No 1 Wireless Unit at Stuart. This was a highly secret post intercepting aircraft transmission signals. A RAAF officer, serving in Townsville described a visit to a telegraphists bunker at Stuart:"My first impression was that it was an old farm house. It had been camouflaged with verandah rails and doors etc. and it wasnt until you got right up to it that you realized that you were looking at a solid concrete building. Inside there were about thirty operators sitting in front of receivers and a real live Japanese who was an interpreter and...was not allowed to leave the station. The only external evidence that there was something unusual going on was the aerial array... "The use of camouflage in Australia was not uncommon. The East Sale RAAF base in Victoria was constructed in such a way that from the air it looked like a country town. Other examples include the roofs of buildings being painted to make them appear like tennis courts.</p><br>
<p>The form of the former RAAF Operations building, a reinforced concrete bunker below, and a timber residential building above, to disguise the lower building, is a now rare example of a camouflaged building from the Second World War surviving in its partially camouflaged form. Other elements of camouflage indicated on drawings at the time, such as the artificial tree and the painting of stumps and balustrading on the traverse no longer survive. The traverse is also no longer extant, demolished at an unknown date. The major aspect of the camouflage however, the timber "residential" upper floor still survives and allows the building to be understood.</p><br>
<p>Other examples of a camouflage site in the Townsville area include the No 1 Wireless Unit which still exists, located a few hundred metres from the main highway, however, it is not in as good condition as the Green Street site. Also the Operations and Signals Bunker at Stuart has remnants of its external camouflage colour scheme, chosen to blend with the pink granite of Mt Stuart, still evident.</p><br>
<p>Thousands of Allied forces were concentrated in Queensland and a vast expanse of military infrastructure was constructed to accommodate this influx of personnel and equipment. Much of the work was of a temporary nature and relatively little evidence remains to demonstrate the extent and nature of military activity. Most buildings and infrastructure were dismantled and removed soon after the cessation of hostilities in August 1945.</p><br>
<p>Until 1943, the air base in Townsville was a joint operation between the Australians and the Americans. In June of that year, control was handed over to the Americans alone, and remained that way until early 1945. The threat of Japanese invasion, however, had receded by late 1942, after the Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway. The air force base at Townsville, and the operations building at Green Street, lessened in importance as wartime operations moved north and Townsvilles air bases became large workshop areas in the later years of the war. There are few records regarding the Green Street site and the operations building at the time of the wars end. A request however, was made to the Department of the Interior in June 1947 to officially acquire the Green Street site. The Commonwealth acquired title to the site in 1951. The RAAF base in Townsville was always considered a permanent base, and after the war the base was reduced in size to that originally planned before the war.</p><br>
<p>The RAAF was located at the Green Street site until the late 1960s, when with the changes in the organisation of the air force, the building was no longer required. While the site has remained in the ownership of the Department of Defence, the State Emergency Service (SES) in Townsville has been based at Green Street since the late 1960s when RAAF operations were relocated to another site. Some buildings on the site from the wartime period have been removed with the SES occupancy of the site, while others have been added. While no technical equipment remains inside the building, or on the rest of the site, the building is still available as a "remote operations headquarters" for the nearby RAAF base if required in times of war or national emergency.</p><br>
<p>A review was undertaken by the Department of Defence in 1996, identifying properties that could be rationalised. The Green Street site was earmarked for disposal as part of that review. The building is no longer owned by the Department of Defence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former operations building is the major building on the site. It comprises two sections. The lower section is constructed of reinforced concrete with a flat concrete roof, floor and walls and the second story, a building resembling a house constructed on top of the concrete building. Internally, the lower section of the main building has a central corridor running roughly east-west lengthways, with rooms opening off the corridor. These rooms housed the former receiving room and signals office. At the eastern end of the building some walls have been removed to create a larger space now used as a lecture room. The room has a tiered floor and rendered walls. The section remains largely in its original form with only minor alterations, including the removal of the original mechanical ventilation system.</p><br>
<p>The upper section is a typical tropical building with a pitched roof, larger overhangs, louvred and casement fenestrations and exposed stud timber wall framing. The interior of the building is lined with plywood. Internally, the upper section has a number of room opening from two corridors. A strong room is located in the north-east section of the house. The upper section has had the verandah enclosed and bathroom and kitchen facilities modified. The roof sheeting has been replaced with colorbond. Some of the louvred panels have been removed or sheeted over. The area beside the house, covering the lower section, has been sheeted with bitumen. This area was formerly camouflaged with garnished netting.</p><br>
<p>The former Orderly Room, later used as a recreation room by the SES, is a low set single building with a rectangular plan form with a combination of a gabled roof and skillion roof disguising externally the size of the single internal space. The building has been extended with two small lean-tos. The main building has a corrugated fibro roof with weatherboard cladding. The additions are clad in fibro sheeting with a corrugated iron roof. A kitchen and bar have been added to the building by the SES. A suspended grid ceiling has been installed throughout the building.</p><br>
<p>A number of ancillary structures are also located on the site. The rappel tower (post 1969) is a timber pole structure with elevated platforms on two levels. It was constructed for SES training.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former RAAF Operations Building Site was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former RAAF Operations Building site is significant as part of the infrastructure developed in Townsville during the Second World War, a time when the population of the town trebled with the influx of Australian and American troops. Functioning as an overall communications centre for the base of the North East Area command, an area on the north-eastern coast of Australia to the Gulf of Carpentaria and up to Port Moresby, the former RAAF Operations building site is significant as one of a number of Second World War structures and complexes which survive in the Townsville area, demonstrating the substantial role the region, and particularly Townsville, played in the war in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former RAAF Operations Building is significant as a rare and substantially intact example providing evidence of the use of sophisticated camouflage techniques developed during the Second World War. While there are similar buildings of this type and of the same period that survive, the former RAAF Operations Building is particularly significant as it has been only slightly modified since 1942.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>With its reinforced concrete construction and timber "residence" placed over for camouflage purposes, the building is a good, intact example of this type of wartime construction with the evidence of concealment still in place. Other examples of a camouflage site in the Townsville area include the No 1 Wireless Unit which still exists, located a few hundred metres from the main highway, however, it is not in as good condition as the Green Street site. Also the Operations and Signals Bunker at Stuart has remnants of its external camouflage colour scheme, chosen to blend with the pink granite of Mt Stuart, still evident.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former RAAF Operations Building site has a special association with the Australian and American military personnel in north Queensland during the Second World War, and with the work of the Allied Works Council in coordinating wartime construction activity at a national level.</p><br>
<p>The Lermond Mill, now also known as Morgan&#39;s Mill, is a historic mill complex on Payson Road in Union, Maine. With a history dating to the late 18th century, and its present buildings from the early 19th century, it is one of the oldest operational water-powered mills in the state of Maine. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. As of 2006, it was reported to be in use for power generation and as a grist mill.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lermond Mill is located in the village of East Union, and is set astride Mill Stream, the outlet of Lermond Pond, on the south side of Payson Road. The mill complex consists of two vernacular wood frame buildings, with gable roofs and shingle siding, joined by a single-story shed. They are separated from the road by a mill pond lined with granite blocks.</p><br>
<p>The industrial history of the site dates to 1795, when John Lermond arrived in Union. He built the dam that created Lermond Pond, and established a water-powered pit saw mill on the site. In 1803 he built the older of the two building sections of the present mill, and began operating a grist mill. The other main building section was added in 1825, and housed a woodworking operation, in which chairs, caskets, and barrel staves were produced. In 1871 the larger building was converted to textile making, and in 1897 the complex was used as a granite stone finishing operation. In 1928 the main waterwheel was replaced by a turbine. Mill operations ended in 1972, but were restarted in 1978. The mill has since been used to produce electricity, and for the grinding of grain. It is one of the state&#39;s oldest operational water-powered mills.</p><br>
<p>Operations and Signals Bunker is a heritage-listed signal station off Stuart Drive, Stuart, City of Townsville, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1942 to 1944. It is also known as James Cook University, RAAF No.3 Fighter Sector Headquarters , and Stuart Immigration Hostel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 August 1998.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Operations and Signals Bunker (3FSHQ) was constructed between 1942 and 1944 for No 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters of the Royal Australian Air Force. Soon after moving to the site in late 1944 the operations of No 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters was subsumed into Air Defence Headquarters operations.</p><br>
<p>The increase in Japanese military activity in Asia in the late 1930s led the Australian Government to establish air bases in the north of Australia. The Department of Defence began negotiations with the Townsville City Council to transfer the Garbutt aerodrome to the Australian Government in early 1939. The acquisition was completed on 12 December 1940 and construction of three, 5000 ft, sealed runways began in 1941.</p><br>
<p>Japanese military activity in the Pacific region increased after the bombing of Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. Faced with the threat of invasion the Australian and American Governments began to develop a major military base in the Townsville Region.</p><br>
<p>The Garbutt runways, designed for B17 bombers, were completed in February 1942, just prior to the arrival of units of the 5th Air Force, United States Army Air Force. Additional bomber bases were established at Charters Towers and Cloncurry and a number of airstrips for fighter aircraft were constructed between Townsville and Charters Towers.</p><br>
<p>3FSHQ was first established in temporary accommodation at Townsville Grammar School on 25 February 1942. 3FSHQ Townsville was formed to support airborne units located in the North Queensland area. As the war extended to the islands north of New Guinea, its operational area enlarged to cover the area stretching from Rockhampton in the south to Mount Isa in the west and New Guinea in the north. 3FSHQ controlled fighter squadron operations and coordinated anti-aircraft defences. Radio watches for bomber and reconnaissance aircraft were also maintained from the Operations Centre.</p><br>
<p>3FSHQ was also connected by telephone and radio to anti-aircraft guns and searchlights, and with Radio direction finder stations and high frequency direction finding (HF/DF) stations in the Townsville and Charters Towers area. The role of high frequency directional radio stations was to assist fighter pilots to get their bearings during airborne patrols. The station was linked by telephone to RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne and was responsible for keeping the RAAF Command informed of all developments. The Operations Centre was also responsible for activating air raid warnings. It also provided position plots for courier and civil aircraft operating between Brisbane and New Guinea.</p><br>
<p>While 3FSHQ was located at the Grammar School from 1942 to 1944 the location was not ideal because it was vulnerable to air attack. Planning for the construction of a new Fighter Sector Headquarters began in 1942. The new complex was constructed on the lower, eastern slopes of Mount Stuart on 68 acres of land requisitioned by the Australian Government in August 1942. The site was regarded as ideal as it was some distance from the main airfields and the public eye, but still close enough to the various other installations it liaised with. In the event of an enemy raid, its position was such that it would have been difficult to attack, and the area&#39;s natural camouflage would have made it difficult to locate.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the complex began in late 1942 with the Operations and Signals Bunker ready by early 1943. However, by November 1943 the bunker, identified as a semi-underground building because all cabling was laid underground, was not yet occupied because associated accommodation facilities had not been completed. The delay related to the fact that the complex was located some distance from the airfield and there was some question as to whether the facility could provide briefing to air crews in an adequate time frame. Eventually the site become operational in late 1944.</p><br>
<p>The bunker itself was fully airconditioned and housed its own power plant. The interior had a steel mezzanine floor splitting it into two levels and was divided into 32 rooms and passageways by caneite partitions. Located within the building was the Operations Room, Engine Room, RDF Filter Room, Voluntary Air Observer Corp (VAOC) Liaison Room, Main Operations Room Dais, Aircraft Movements Section, RDF Supervisors Room, Signal Officers Room, W/T Workshop and PMG Switch Room.</p><br>
<p>The Administration Section was also moved to the Stuart site and commenced functioning on 29 December 1944. On 25 January 1945 the Royal Australian Airforce established their Air Defence Headquarters in the Stuart complex; from where they operated until 1947.</p><br>
<p>The complex, except for the bunker, was utilised after the war as an immigration depot and migrant hostel. Additional huts were placed on the site to provide more accommodation for migrants who arrived in large numbers after the war. Many of these migrants have made their homes in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 James Cook University of North Queensland purchased the site for student accommodation while the residential halls at Douglas were under construction. The bunker was still partially furnished at the time the property was purchased by the university. There was a large mapping table in the main room complete with maps and maps on the wall still had marker pins in them. The switchboards and other communication equipment were still largely intact. Photographs, taken at the time, were deposited with the university.</p><br>
<p>Soon after, in 1962 or 1963, the interior of the bunker was destroyed by fire. In the early 1970s the site was vacated and the barracks either demolished or removed. The property is still under the control of the university although the bunker is the only remaining structure on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Former Operations and Signals Bunker is a rectangular two-storeyed concrete bunker set into the hillside at the base of Mount Stuart. The site is set back from Stuart Drive, which becomes the highway west to Charters Towers, and is about ten kilometres south-west of Townsville&#39;s city centre.</p><br>
<p>The bunker, measuring about 18 x 13 metres, has a flat concrete roof, engaged piers to the side walls and a boarded formwork finish. Remnants of its external camouflage colour scheme, chosen to blend with the pink granite of the hill, are still evident.</p><br>
<p>The bunker consists of a main room which is two-stories in height, with smaller separate rooms attached to the front. The main room retains evidence of the mezzanine floor, air-conditioning ducts and wc&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>The front section contains some six separate smaller rooms of two levels. Access to the four rooms at the centre is from the exterior and access to the two rooms at the western end is from the main room. The lower of the two western rooms contains the large metal frame of the fuse and telephone cable board with some fuses still visible, which is the only surviving piece of equipment in the structure. Part of the floor of this room appears to be rubble, filling a small tunnel for cables.</p><br>
<p>To either side of the bunker are two circular structures, possibly bases for communication aerials or anchors for the camouflage net for the bunker. They are some four metre wide and constructed of low stone walls with a conical concrete cap.</p><br>
<p>Between the bunker, the creek to the north-west and the road to the north-east are several concrete slabs, concrete steps and scatters of building material and other artefacts. These are remnants of other structures of the complex, possibly ablutions blocks and hot water boiler stands.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Operations and Signals Bunker was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 August 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Operations and Signals Bunker at Stuart, constructed in 1942-1943, is significant as the former Headquarters of the Operations Section of No 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters (3FSHQ), who controlled fighter operations and anti-aircraft defences through North Queensland and New Guinea. Occupied by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in January 1945, the Former Operations and Signals Bunker played a pivotal role as the key communications centre for Allied Air Forces, operating out of Townsville during the final months of the Pacific War.</p><br>
<p>The Former Operations and Signals Bunker is one of a number of WWII structures and complexes which survive in the Townsville area, demonstrating the substantial role the region, and particularly Townsville, played in the war in the Pacific.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Surrounding the bunker are remnants and material scatter from other structures of the complex, which have the potential to yield further information which will contribute to the understanding of the site.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the concrete bunker is a substantially intact example of its type and retains evidence of the camouflage paint scheme. Part of the fuse and telephone cable board is the only internal equipment to survive.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The former Operations and Signals Bunker During has special association for the numbers of European migrants who were accommodated in the complex after WWII, many of whom have remained in North Queensland. The Former Operations and Signals Bunker is also associated with James Cook University, when, during the 1960s, in the foundation years of University, the complex was used as temporary halls of residence for students.</p><br>
<p>The Klir Beck House, also known as The Gnomes, was a historic house in Vienna, Maine. It was an architecturally idiosyncratic house, built by the artist Klir Beck as a summer residence. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, It was delisted in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Klir Beck House stood in a rural area of Vienna, west of the village center of adjacent Mount Vernon, in a setting of woods, fields, and lakes. It was a 1-1/2 story structure, built out of a combination of materials. It had an irregularly coursed stone foundation, a ground floor finished in half-timbered brick, and the half story was finished in half-timbered stucco. The roof was gabled, with a cross gable section and main gable end that each feature a projecting hipped overhang, with a carved wooden balcony in the style of a Swiss chateau. Some of the wall sections created by the half-timbering were further decorated, several exhibiting a lotus pattern on a brick background. The interior was equally rich and fanciful, including a compass set in stone on the living room floor.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1927 by Klir Beck, in part by adapting and altering an existing 19th-century farmhouse. Beck was well known in artistic circles, and is credited with creating dioramas that are displayed in the Maine State Museum. In January 2000, a fire broke out in the basement, resulting in the destruction of the house.</p><br>
<p>The Marble Street Historic District encompasses what was once the principal business district of West Rutland, Vermont. Centered on Marble Street between Thrall Avenue and Smith Place, this area was the town&#39;s economic hub during the years  when the local marble quarries dominated the local economy. The area has also been bypassed as a transportation route, resulting in the preservation of a number of period commercial buildings. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The West Rutland area, part of Rutland until 1886, was until the 1830s considered a poor agricultural area, due to swampy conditions and the presence of marble not far below the surface. The value of the marble was then realized, and in 1844 the first quarry was opened. Production expanded, with additional quarries opened, especially after the railroad arrived in 1851. Marble Street was laid out in 1853, at first primarily a transportation route to and from the quarries, with the swampy terrain limiting development. The swamps were gradually filled in, and commercial development expanded significantly in the 1880s. A major fire in 1903 destroyed a significant number of commercial buildings, resulting in a new wave of construction. The area began a decline with the closure of many of the quarries in the 1930s, and the road was bypassed as a transportation route by the construction of the present alignment of United States Route 4 to the south. The latter event in particular served to save the area from the redevelopment that often affects commercial areas, resulting in a well-preserved collection of commercial buildings built between the 1880s and the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered on what is basically a one-block stretch of Marble Street, bounded on the northwest by Smith Place and the southeast by Thrall Avenue. It extends on the south side slightly past Thrall Ave., and on the north side slightly past Smith Place, and includes one house on Smith Place. There are ten commercial buildings and four houses in the district. The most imposing commercial building is the three-story brick Shirt Waist Factory building; all of the other buildings are no more than 2-1/2 stories in height. The buildings for the most part have uniform setbacks and scaling, in part because the rebuilding after the 1903 fire maintained setbacks of destroyed buildings. Most of the buildings are stylistically in retardaire (out of current fashion for the period) versions of the Italianate, with scrolled brackets and deeper eaves.</p><br>
<p>Wenallt Camp, also known as Wenallt Enclosure, is an iron age enclosure near Rhiwbina, Cardiff, in South Wales, although some consider the camp a hillfort. The camp is a scheduled monument.</p><br>
<p>The camp is a fairly rectangular oval measuring 60 m north to south by 38 m protected by a bank and ditch about 12 m wide and.15 m high. There is an entrance to the south-east, and there are traces of an external stone revetment. Near the middle of the enclosure is a levelled terrace about 7.5 m in diameter which may have been the site of a hut. The site would have given views across the Cardiff area and over the Bristol Channel.</p><br>
<p>The camp lies in an area of semi-natural ancient woodland called The Wenallt, which is a popular site for visitors.</p><br>
<p>Mount Kinpu or Mount Kinpō is a mountain in the west of Kumamoto city, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. It is an extinct caldera-type volcano. Mount Kinpu overlooks the city of Kumamoto and is used for sightseeing and for radio and TV broadcast antennas.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Older than nearby Mount Aso, it formed over the past 100 million years. Extensive volcanic activity took place 56 million years to 50 million years ago. The last eruption took place from 200,000 years to 150,000 years ago. In 1889 a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck beneath the mountain. In 2016 the foreshock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes also struck beneath Mount Kinpu.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Master swordsman Miyamoto Musashi wrote parts of his Book of Five Rings while staying on the mountain. Most of the mountain now lies within Kinpōzan Prefectural Natural Park.</p><br>
<p>Melingriffith Water Pump is a water-driven water pump that was built by Watkin George, of Cyfartha, around 1793 to return precious water from the Melingriffith Tin Plate Works to the Glamorganshire Canal. The water pump is a scheduled monument and has been restored twice since it ceased operation in the 1940s. For many years it was believed to be designed by the canal engineer John Rennie.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>When the Glamorganshire Canal was built it drew water from the same feed as the Melingriffith Tin Plate Works to operate the Melingriffith lock. The lock drew so much water that the works had to often cease operation in dry weather, despite a clause in the Glamorgan Canal Navigation Act requiring the company to protect the water supplies of local industries.</p><br>
<p>The ensuing legal battle led to an agreement to pump water from the tail race of the tin plate works to a height of 12 ft back into the canal. The canal company installed the pump, and the tin plate works contributed to its maintenance.</p><br>
<h2>Operation</h2><br>
<p>The pump is driven by an undershot paddle wheel. The wheel comprised three cast iron hoops mounted on a solid oak axle, with 30 blades mounted on the cast iron hoops. The wheel is 18 ft in diameter with a width of 12 ft. The paddles are 22 inch deep.</p><br>
<p>The paddle wheel is connected to two rocking beams of oak which are 22 ft long by 1 ft by 1 ft. The connecting rods, made of cast iron, are 18 ft long, with a cross section of 4 inch by 5 inch. The rocking beams are supported on an oak frame of 1 ft by 1 ft timber.</p><br>
<p>The other ends of the two rocking beams are connected to the vertical pumping cylinders by a chain mechanism. The cylinders have a bore of 2 ft and a stroke of 5 ft. The pistons in each cylinder include triangular weighted flaps of iron with leather hinges.</p><br>
<p>In 1808 John Rennie and William Jessop were consulted about problems with the pump. They recommended a "fire engine" (a steam engine) but it appears that the tin plate works owners would not contribute to the costs.</p><br>
<p>The pump continued to operate continually until 1927, and probably after that until the canal effectively closed in 1942. The pump remained standing until restoration was started in 1974. Scrap merchants failed to dismantle the pump in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Melingriffith Water Pump was first restored between 1974–89 by the Inland Waterways Association and Oxford House (Risca) Industrial Archaeology Society, with cooperation from Cardiff City Council, and some timber components including the axle were replaced by steel.</p><br>
<p>The tinplate works were demolished in the 1980s and replaced by a housing estate. The Welsh Development Agency kept the feeder from the weir across the River Taff so the restored water pump could be operated. When the restoration was completed in 1989 the pump was put in the care of Cardiff City Council.</p><br>
<p>Further restoration work was carried out in 2009–11. Bats roosting in the rocker beams delayed the restoration but the pump ran again on 1 July 2010, now operated by electric power. The restoration work, costing £100,000 was funded by Cadw and Cardiff Council and was carried out by Penybryn Engineering with project management by Opus International Consultants. The pump is now operated regularly.</p><br>
<h2>Conservation</h2><br>
<p>The pump is a scheduled monument and the centrepiece of the Melingriffith Water Pump Conservation Area which was designated in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Llangar Church, or All Saints Old Parish Church, Llangar, was formerly the parish church of Llangar with Cynwyd, in the Dee Valley, Denbighshire, North Wales. It is now under the guardianship of Cadw, is a Scheduled Monument, and a grade I Listed Building. It is conserved and open to the public as an example of a rural church with medieval wall paintings and largely intact 18th century interior fittings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Documentary sources show a church at Llangar in 1291, but the present building would appear to date to the 15th century (1971 excavations within the church found this to be the earliest identifiable occupancy). The Church has an undivided nave and chancel, flagstone floor, and arch-braced roof with 15th century roof trusses. The walls have wall paintings, which probably represent at least 8 different layers of painted schemes. The earliest of these date to the 15th century. The extensive woodwork of the interior includes a gallery, box pews, benches and pulpit, all of which date to the early part of the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>By 1682 the parish was two identifiable townships of Llangar and Cymmer. By 1856 the majority of the population were living even further up that valley, at Cynwyd, and with the church now distant and in poor repair the decision was made to build a new Church, the Church of St John Evangelist, Cynwyd, and abandon the old Church at Llangar, which thus avoided the renovations of the 19th century. The church is now under the guardianship of Cadw, having become very dilapidated in its abandoned state. A major conservation programme was undertaken from 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Roof timbers</h2><br>
<p>The oldest roof trusses are four arch-braced roof trusses forming the four bays in the centre of the Church. At the west end, above the gallery, further trusses were altered in the 17th or 18th centuries and are divided by a collar-beam truss. At the chancel end the roof is panelled over with a barrel shaped ceiling to provide a canopy of honour of 15th century design, although most of the fabric of this is now of later date.</p><br>
<h2>Internal woodwork</h2><br>
<p>The interior of the Church has an extensive range of early eighteenth century wooden fittings, which, because of the subsequent abandonment of the Church, has survived in a largely unaltered state where nineteenth century improvers would have swept them away. There is a large gallery at the west end, accessed by a stone spiral staircase. The gallery has wooden bench seating for a choir, and an enclosed area and a pyramidal music stand. The main body of the Church has box pews, some facing east, others, alongside the pulpit, face south toward the pulpit, indicating the liturgical emphasis toward the pulpit, where the sermons are delivered, rather than the altar, where the mass is celebrated. The pulpit itself is positioned part-way down the south wall, and is a wood-panelled triple combination of pulpit, reading desk and clerk&#39;s desk, which is re-worked from 17th century items.</p><br>
<h2>Wall paintings</h2><br>
<p>The north and south walls of the Church hold the fragmentary remains of possibly 8 different layers of wall painting, dating in age from the 15th to 18th centuries. Also on the north wall, overlaying some of the rustic frames, is a pre-reformation painting of an unknown Bishop, occupying an elaborate fictive architectural niche.</p><br>
<p>The south wall is divided into two rows of seven rectangular boxes. In the upper row it appears there were images of personifications of the seven deadly sins, and in the row below a matching series of seven corporal works of mercy. This was a comparatively common theme in late medieval wall paintings, In the Llangar paintings, each of the seven deadly sins appear to be represented through a person riding on the back of an animal. There are only three churches in Britain which use this device, the others being Hardwick, Cambridgeshire and at Imber, Wiltshire. As with many medieval wall paintings, large areas of the Llangar paintings have been lost or obscured. In several of the scenes the rider&#39;s hats are still visible, and the animals can still be seen, but the details of the riders are unclear, perhaps defaced.</p><br>
<p>The other paintings, found on various places around the Church, are mainly post-reformation works, painted after the now-unacceptable medieval images had been covered over. Most prominent, and most recent, is a large skeleton figure of Death, painted in the 18th century, serving as a reminder of mortality. The classical arch frame on the north wall had the text of Gweddir Arglwydd, the Lords Prayer in Welsh. The various texts painted on the walls embody a shift from images to words after the Reformation, which matches the shift in focus of the internal layout from the altar to the pulpit.</p><br>
<p>There are no paintings on either of the two end walls, as both of these experienced structural problems and were rebuilt around 1615–1620, when the south porch was also added, and the west wall has been rebuilt twice since then. This paintings on the two long walls demonstrate that these have remained intact since the time of the earliest of the paintings. They also now show the problem of dealing with multiple painted schemes on the same area of wall. The paintings were conserved in 1991, revealing multiple images from various time periods, and decisions will have been made about when to leave some paint in place, and when to reveal older paintings at the expense of those on top.</p><br>
<h2>Cadw Guardianship</h2><br>
<p>Llangar Church is a Guardianship monument, meaning that responsibility for the Church building is now in the hands of Cadw, having been formerly part of St Asaph Diocese of the Church in Wales. There remains a facility for two services a year to be held within the Church. Responsibility for Llangar passed to the Secretary of State for Wales (Cadw&#39;s predecessor) in 1967., and a project to investigate and conserve the Church was begun in 1974. Archaeological excavations under the stone floor, led by Ron Shoesmith, found no evidence dating back before the 14th century. The building was stabilised, made weatherproof, and in 1991 a scheme of work to reveal and conserve the wall paintings was completed. The building is accessible to visitors by arrangement with the Cadw staff based at Rug Chapel.</p><br>
<p>The Grinnell Historic Commercial District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The historic district is the core of the city&#39;s central business district. Fires struck the area in 1889  and twice in 1891 . They destroyed the frame buildings, and were replaced with brick and stone structures, although Block 7 developed more slowly. Most of the buildings are two stories in height, six buildings are single-story structures, and two are three stories. The economic development of the city was also assisted by the presence of Grinnell College and the presence of two railroads.</p><br>
<p>The district contains a number of buildings that were designed by prominent architects. They include Foster and Liebbe (Spencer Building, 1884; Seaman Building, 1889), Hallett & Rawson (Spaulding Block, 1899; Armory, 1906; Spaulding-Spurgeon Building, 1906), Josselyn and Todd (Cass and Works Building, 1889; Mclntosh Grocery, 1889; Morse Block, 1889; The Scott Building, 1889; Vest Brothers Building, 1889; Beyer Building, 1892), Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson (Benevolent and Protective Order of the Elks, 1914; Grinnell Herald, 1916), Louis Sullivan (Merchants&#39; National Bank, 1914), and Hyland & Green (Grinnell State Bank, 1913/1914) and F.E. Wetherell (Hermon Masonic Temple, 1917).</p><br>
<p>Larsons Hunters Resort is a historic former hunting resort in Lake Valley Township, Minnesota, United States. It was in operation from the 1890s to the 1960s and became the best known hunting resort in Traverse County, while also being maintained as an active farm. Larsons Hunters Resort was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and commerce. As a historic district it consists of a prominent brick farmhouse/lodge built in 1901 and eight outbuildings. It was nominated for exemplifying the important hunting industry in west-central Minnesota and the phenomenon of farmer/resort owners, while the main building was further noted as the largest and most intact farmhouse in Traverse County, and one of the few constructed of brick.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Larson&#39;s Hunters Resort is an approximately 4 acre property on the east shore of Mud Lake. The farmhouse is a two-and-a-half story building of smooth, light-brown brick on a boulder foundation. It has a hip roof with a projecting gable on the west façade. A long porch with Tuscan order columns supporting a hipped roof wraps around the west and south façades. There are smooth limestone window sills and lintels, and some simple decorative patterns in the brickwork. The interior has oak woodwork and 14 rooms.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the propertys nomination to the National Register, eight additional buildings remained from the farm/resort era. Five were rental cabins for hunters and the other three were agricultural buildings. Three of the cabins stood north of the farmhouse amid a stand of trees. The largest was built in the early 20th century near the lakeshore and moved later; another was built around 1940. Southeast of the farmhouse was the Larsons original 1891 house, which upon the completion of the larger building in 1901 was converted to a granary, then later moved and used as a wash house, then a wood shed, then converted to a guest cabin in the 1930s. Nearby was a two-car garage built around 1920 whose south wing, initially an ice house, was converted to a cabin around 1941. On the west side of the property, separated from the other buildings by a road, is a granary built around 1928. It stands one-and-a-half stories and has shiplap siding. A hog barn built nearby in the early twentieth century was later moved south of the garage, where it was used as a chicken coop and then a boathouse. Next to that was a small, early-20th-century shed. A barn and machine shed were built on the west side of the property in the 1890s but were later demolished.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Andrew Larson (1853–1921) and his wife Bertha (1859–1941) were Swedish immigrants who bought this property in 1890. They settled close to other relatives who had preceded them to Traverse County. The Larsons initially lived in a dugout until they completed a wood-frame farmhouse the next year. They established a grain, cattle, and hog farm and expanded into three adjacent lots by 1904.</p><br>
<p>Western Minnesota, with its prairies, sloughs, rivers, and lakes, supported bountiful populations of waterfowl and upland game birds, and the Red River of the North marked a significant migratory flyway. Railway access was established in the 1870s and the region took off as a recreational hunting destination. Thousands of sportsmen from Minneapolis–Saint Paul and other parts of Minnesota arrived in season, often in special rail cars or train excursions catering to hunters with their cargos of guns and dogs. Hotels in Western Minnesota towns welcomed the influx, setting up cots in the hallways after the rooms were all full. Local farmers quickly recognized a need for additional accommodations and an opportunity to supplement their incomes. Many farm families arranged to pick up guests at the train station and bring them back to their property by wagon, where they were provided with beds, breakfast and dinner at the farmhouse, and a boxed lunch. Some even hired themselves out as guides or porters. Most of this commerce was fairly informal, but a few families parlayed this practice into a full-fledged business.</p><br>
<p>Andrew and Bertha Larson were among this number. They had begun hosting hunters in the late 1890s, but in 1901 they invested fully in the enterprise. They hired Alfred Setterlund, an architect and contractor in nearby Wheaton, Minnesota, to build a bigger farmhouse. Setterlund, a Swedish immigrant who had arrived in Wheaton in 1885, designed a farmhouse/lodge with eight guest rooms, a large kitchen, a dining room, and a library. For the walls he used brick manufactured in St. Louis, shipped by rail to Herman, Minnesota, and carried to the Larsons farm in wagons. Soon, with additional cabins and even space on the lawn for hunters who brought their own tents, Larsons Hunters Resort could accommodate up to 50 or 60 paying guests at a time. It also provided homemade boats with flat bottoms suitable for use on the shallow lake.</p><br>
<p>Traverse County, on the divide between the Red River and the Minnesota River, was one of the top hunting destinations in western Minnesota, and Larsons Hunters Resort was one of its best known resorts. Some of the most enthusiastic hunters stayed in the area for weeks, bagging thousands of birds. Although Minnesota began enacting state game laws and hunting limits in the late 19th century, the infrastructure to enforce them was slow in coming. Andrew Larson died in 1921 and ownership passed to son Edward and his wife Mabel. The decades of barely restrained hunting eventually took their toll, however, and the areas game bird populations declined precipitously in the 1950s and 60s. Edward and Mabel Larson closed the resort business in the 1960s, though the property remained in the family until 1979.</p><br>
<p>Hinksland  is a peninsula in eastern Greenland. It is a part of the Northeast Greenland National Park.</p><br>
<p>The peninsula is named after Arthur R. Hinks, Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, 1915–45.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hinksland is limited to the northwest by the Daugaard-Jensen Glacier, to the northeast by the Nordvestfjord of the Scoresby Sound and to the south by the 2 km Flyver Fjord. To the southwest the peninsula is attached to the mainland. The Renland peninsula lies to the southeast. The highest point of the peninsula is a 700 m mountain located in the southern part rising above the Flyver Fjord.</p><br>
<p>Geologically Hinksland is part of the Vestfjord-Hinksland gneiss and schist zone crystalline complex.</p><br>
<p>Hinksland is at the southern limit of the eastern coastal area of the Northeast Greenland National Park. Constable Point (Nerlerit Inaat) is the closest airport.</p><br>
<p>Plainfield Historic District is a national historic district located at Plainfield, Hendricks County, Indiana. The district encompasses 174 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential area of Plainfield. The district developed between about 1840 and 1959 and includes notable examples of Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Bungalow / American Craftsman style architecture. Notable buildings include the Ezra Cox House , Oscar Hadley House , Plainfield Carnegie Library , Plainfield Methodist Episcopal Church , Bly Bros. Dry Goods Store , Knights of Pythias Building , Prewitt Theater , First National Bank of Plainfield , Mansion House Hotel , Fisher&#39;s Tavern , and Quaker Meeting House .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.</p><br>
<p>Góra Ziuty  - the highest peak of Krzeszowskie Wzgórza, within Kotlina Kamiennogórska in Central Sudetes.</p><br>
<h2>Position</h2><br>
<p>The peak is located in the northern part of the Krzeszowskie Wzgórza. In the north east, through the Przełęcz Grzędzka it borders with in the Stone Mountains, in the west connects it with the Góra więtej Anny (Krzeszowskie Wzgórza), in the south with an unnamed spot height.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Słownik geografii turystycznej Sudetów, tom 8 Kotlina Kamiennogórska, Wzgórza Bramy Lubawskiej, Zawory, red. Marek Staffa, Wydawnictwo I-BiS, Wrocław 1997, s. 171 i 172</p><br>
<p>Sudety Środkowe. Skala 1:40000. Jelenia Góra: Wydawnictwo Turystyczne Plan, 2005.</p><br>
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<p>The Udokan Plateau is a volcanic field in Transbaikalia, Russia. It covers a surface area of 3,000 km&sup2; northeast of Lake Baikal in Central Asia. Volcanism in the Udokan Plateau included both basaltic lava flows and later individual volcanic cones. Volcanism commenced in the Miocene and continued on into the Holocene.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in the field ranges from lava flows forming thick lava flow sequences formed out of basalt to explosive eruptions forming cinder cones accompanied by lava flows and ignimbrite eruptions during the late stages of volcanic activity. Volcanic activity commenced 14 million years ago and the youngest three radiocarbon dates indicate persistence of volcanic activity into the Holocene. Recent seismic activity has been reported.</p><br>
<h2>General geology</h2><br>
<p>The Udokan Plateau lies 400 km east-northeast of the eastern end of Lake Baikal. It covers a surface area of 3,000 km&sup2; within the Udokan range at altitudes of 1,500 -. The basement rock is of Precambrian age. The Udokan Plateau is one of several Cenozoic volcanic fields in the northeastern Baikal Rift Zone, and one of several Asian volcanic fields with Cenozoic activity. The other volcanic fields are Bartoy, Hamar-Daban and Vitim. These first two are the smallest fields. The Udokan Plateau formed over an older topography left by Jurassic orogeny and later updoming and erosion.</p><br>
<p>The Udokan Plateau is linked to the Sayan-Baykal uplift and more specifically to a place in the Chara rift where it widens. Collision of India and Eurasia may have initiated volcanism in the Sayan Baykal region including the Udokan Plateau. It is not certain however that volcanism was caused by the rifting in the case of the Udokan plateau. Much of the volcanic activity occurred before the rifting. Beneath the northern margin of the plateau, anomalies in the asthenosphere have been described. This plateau and the neighbouring Vitim plateau are underpinned by a low velocity low density anomaly. One theory states that variations in lithospheric thickness between the Baikal rift and the Siberian platform generate a convection current in the asthenosphere. Another theory links volcanism in the Udokan plateau and other volcanic fields in the territory to two mantle plumes. Isotope data suggest the presence of at least two mantle reservoirs beneath the Baikal rift.</p><br>
<p>Studies on rocks and mapping of geological features was performed during the 1960s to the 1980s. This research was later followed up by precision isotope and petrology research. The field has been noted because of the diversity of its volcanic features.</p><br>
<h2>Geological features</h2><br>
<p>The plateau contains a sequence of trachyte-trachyandesite rocks which, easily recognizable by their colour, were already in 1967 identified and named the Amnanakachi sequence. Other stratified formations are also found there. Pleistocene-Holocene activity occurred along lineaments. Some lava flows are cut by the Imangra fault, leaving 10 - high scarps. Volcanic activity occurred during four separate stages. Basaltic lava plateaus are up to 400 - thick.</p><br>
<p>The oldest volcanoes of the complex are the Lurbun volcanoes, which form 11 centres in the northern part of the field. Lava flows and filled in craters are noticeable in the Lurbun group. These form the only occurrence of foidite in the field. After a period of dormancy, volcanism resumed in the southern part of the field during the late Miocene in the area of the Chukchudu-Yuzhni Sakukan rivers. With volumes of 200 km3 this volcanism is much more voluminous than the early foiditic phase. This volcanism mostly consists of lava flows and is subdivided into three suites, including the Nesmura and Amnanakachi sequences. Thick hyaloclastite layers are also found in some parts. Zapadnyi Sakukan is a central volcano of this episode. The composition has been described as basalt trachyte.</p><br>
<p>The Pliocene volcanism is the largest episode of volcanism, with volumes of 500 km3 and covering half of the surface of the whole plateau. The Amutychi sequence is subdivided into three suites, Kuas, Eimnakh and Oktokit from bottom to top. The first two sequences do not appear uniformly over the whole plateau. Most lava flows of this volcanism phase are 20 - thick and are associated with dolerite sills. A later Pliocene episode formed the Turuktak sequence, with a total volume of 40 km3 and again three suites named Dagaldyn, Inarichi and Issakachan. The Vakat volcano is a central volcano which has been assigned to this phase. These two phases are described as trachyte-basaltic to basaltic.</p><br>
<p>The middle Pleistocene featured a change of activity away from fissure eruptions to central vent eruptions. The Vakat group consists of basaltic volcanoes including subvolcanic dykes and sills erupted during the Quaternary. About a hundred of central-like volcanoes and 50 other volcanoes including dykes, extrusions and stocks are part of this phase of volcanism. Activity during this volcanic phase was strombolian in nature with short lava flows and small pyroclastic eruptions. The Vakat cones are constructed along the Imangra fault; other volcanoes likewise are frequently aligned suggesting fault controlled eruption. The composition of this group is basaltic.</p><br>
<p>The last two volcanic phases are known as Aku and Syni volcanic phase. The first commenced after a period of dormancy and generated mainly four volcanoes, Inarichi, Turuktak, Kislyi Klyuch and Ust-Khangura the first three of which form a volcanic line. All of them have erupted lava flows up to 10 km long. Inarichi is the largest volcano in the Udokan plateau and includes a major trachyte caldera. The last two volcanoes are heavily eroded to the point that Ust-Khangura only contains three necks. The Syni phase is to some degree a continuation of the Aku one; the Chepe volcano is aligned with Ust-Khangura and other volcanoes are aligned with the first three Aku volcanoes. These five volcanoes are named Trakhitovyi, Verkhnyaya Syni, Aku, Dolinnyi and Chepe. These volcanoes had pyroclastic eruptions which occasionally formed ignimbrites. The Syni volcano has two craters and has formed lava flows. Syni erupted basaltic lavas and Aku, Chepe and Dolinny trachyte.</p><br>
<h2>Petrology</h2><br>
<p>Rocks erupted in the field include alkali basalt, basalt, basanite, foidite, hawaiite, phonolite, tephriphonolite, trachyandesite, trachybasalt. Hyaloclastites are also found, as well as dolerites in the late Miocene rocks. Pumice has been reported from the Pleistocene-Holocene ages. The dominant rocks are basalts but trachyte is also found in maars and ignimbrites. Trachyte lava domes with heights of 400 m and diameters of 1.5 km are also found. Altered xenoliths are also found in the system.</p><br>
<p>Rocks from this volcanic field are generally rich in sodium and silica and their content has increased during the evolution of the volcanic field. Some of the oldest erupted rocks on the other hand had high potassium-sodium ratios. Benmoreite, nephelinites, pantellerites and kulaite are found here. Some of the magmatic differentiation may have occurred in closed magma chambers. Udokan is the only volcanic field in the Baikal rift with silicic differentiation of its rocks. The magma generation changed during the lifespan of the system, either it became deeper or was formed by smaller degrees of partial melting.</p><br>
<h2>Geological history</h2><br>
<p>Ages reported in the field include 14 mya for Pravyi and Nizhnii Lurbun volcano and extrusion respectively, 9.85–9.6 mya for the Chukchudu series of lava flows and 8.95–6.85 mya for more central volcano structures, 9.6–9.35 mya for the Amnanakachi sequence, 9.35–8.4 mya for the Nesmura suite, 5.6–4.0 mya for the Kuas sequence, 4.0–3.38 mya for the Eimnakh sequence, 4.6–2.57 mya for the Amutychi central volcanoes and subvolcanic structures, 3.32–2.50 mya for the Oktokit sequence, 2.5 mya for the Verkhnii Ingamakit lava flow, 2.5–1.8 mya for the Turuktak sequence and its subdivisions, 1.8 mya for Kislyi Klyuch volcano and 1.8–0.73 mya for the Vakat volcanoes. During the Pleistocene-Holocene two sequences were formed, the Aku sequence (260,000–40,000 BP) and the Syni sequence (12,050–2,100 BP).</p><br>
<p>Radiocarbon dating on charcoal and plant fossils buried beneath volcanic rocks has found evidence that activity continued in the Holocene; Dolinnyi volcano was active 7940 ± 100 BP, Aku volcano 4620 ± 100 BP and pumices erupted from Chepe have indicated ages of 2230 ± 40 and 2100 ± 80 BP. Seismic activity was recorded at depths of 15 - beneath Vekhne-Ingamakitsky II volcano and at depths of 25 km beneath Sini volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Selected cones</h2><br>
<p>Aku, 1,980 m high, 56&deg;10&prime;23&Prime;N latitude, 117&deg;28&prime;0&Prime;E longitude The volcano is a somma volcano with a height of 220 m.</p><br>
<p>Chepe, 1,769 m high, 56&deg;11&prime;42&Prime;N latitude, 117&deg;33&prime;32&Prime;E longitude The volcano is a 380 m high cone with a crater.</p><br>
<p>Dolinnyi, 1,800 m high, 56&deg;10&prime;59&Prime;N latitude, 117&deg;29&prime;38&Prime;E longitude</p><br>
<p>Sini, 1,705 m high, 56&deg;11&prime;56&Prime;N latitude, 117&deg;19&prime;41&Prime;E longitude A fissure vent with a 250 m high central vent.</p><br>
<p>The Middletown Springs Historic District encompasses most of the village center of Middletown Springs, Vermont. Oriented around the crossroads junction of Vermont Routes 140 and 133, the village has a well-preserved collection of mainly mid-19th century architecture, including a significant number of Italianate buildings. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Middletown Springs was settled before the American Revolutionary War, and was incorporated in 1784. Its town center is located at the site of the supposed first house, a log structure (not surviving) built by Luther Fillmore. The orientation of the roads along the compass points took place not long after the town was organized. Proximity to the Poultney River meant the placement of grist and saw mills, a source of early economic activity. A. W. Gray, a local millwright, developed a new type of horse engine in the 1850s, and his factory, located in an old mill, flourished, resulting in a construction boom in the 1850s-1870s, including the construction of a number of vernacular and high-style Italianate houses. Although Gray&#39;s company declinsed after the 1880s (with the advent of the internal combustion engine), Gray also developed the Middletown mineral springs as a resort area, drawing tourists to the area in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered on the junction of North, East, South, and West Streets, with the village common at the northeast corner of the junction, and the cemetery at its southwest. It radiates in all four directions, petering out into rural agricultural landscape. To the south, the district extends beyond the Poultney River, and along Mont Vert Road for a short distance. There are 91 buildings in the district, most of which are residences 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 stories in height. Wood construction with clapboarded exterior is typical. Prominent buildings include the Greek Revival community church at the north end of the common, and several high style Italianate houses. The Colonial Revival school house, set southwest of the cemetery, is the largest building in the district.</p><br>
<p>The New Castle Commercial Historic District is national historic district located at New Castle, Henry County, Indiana. It encompasses 64 contributing buildings in the central business district of New Castle. It developed between about the 1849 and 1941, and includes many excellent examples of Italianate, Classical Revival, and Commercial styles of architecture. Notable sites of interest include the separately listed Henry County Courthouse. Other notable buildings include the L.A. Jennings Building , Odd Fellows Hall , Murphey Building , Knights of Pythias Building , Masonic Temple , Bradway Building , former United Brethren Church , Citizens State Bank Building , S.P. Jennings and Sons Handle Factory complex , and Coca-Cola Bottling Building .</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Nant Ffrwdwyllt  is a stream that runs through Cwm Dyffryn, within the county borough of Neath Port Talbot, Wales, from the village of Bryn, through the village of Goytre and the district of Taibach in Port Talbot, to the sea. The stream was originally a tributary of the River Afan but was diverted in the 18th century into the ironworks at what was to become Port Talbot to provide a source of water. It now flows into Port Talbot Docks. Several streets are or have been named after it, notably the present-day Ffrwdwyllt Street in Taibach, where the stream runs close to St Theodore&#39;s Church and the Talbot Memorial Park.</p><br>
<p>The name of the stream is translated into English as "wild brook&quot this is thought to be because of the way the stream suddenly grows after heavy rain. This effect is attributed to the fact that the stream is approximately 9 kilometres long and passes down steep hills which quickly channel the rain that comes from the Atlantic.</p><br>
<p>According to Cadw, a mill that once stood on the Ffrwdwyllt at Goytre was associated with the Grange of Hafod-y-porth, which belonged to the Cistercian monastery of Margam Abbey. Former coal levels in the valley have left industrial remains along the banks of the stream.</p><br>
<p>Adi Kailash , also known as Little Kailash, Chhota Kailash, Baba Kailash or Jonglingkong Peak, is a mountain located in the Himalayan mountain range near Om Parvat, lying in the Darchula district of western Nepal and in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand, India.</p><br>
<p>Both Adi Kailash and Om Parvat are considered sacred by Hindus.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Adi Kailash and the Om Parvat and are not one and the same.</p><br>
<p>The Adi Kailash or Chhota Kailash is located in a different direction, near Sin La pass and near Brahma Parvat, the base camp of Adi Kailash is 17 km from the Kutti village at sacred Jolingkong Lake with a Hindu Shiva temple.</p><br>
<p>Om Parvat can be viewed en route to the Kailash Manasarovar Yatra from the last camp below Lipulekh Pass at Nabhidhang India-China border post protected by the Indo-Tibetan Border Police also has Public Works Department guest house on the Indian side. Many trekkers to Adi Kailash often make a diversion to view Om Parvat. Om Parvat is located near Nabhi Dhang camp (Nepal) on Mount Kailash-Lake Manasarovar yatra route.</p><br>
<h2>First Ascent</h2><br>
<p>From Sept 19th to Oct 14th 2002 the first attempt, which was abandoned 200 m short of the summit because of very loose snow and rock conditions, was made by an Indo-Aussie-British-Scottish team including Martin Moran, T. Rankin, M. Singh, S. Ward, A. Williams and R. Ausden. The climbers promised not to ascend the final 10 m out of respect for the peak&#39;s holy status.</p><br>
<p>On 8 October 2004, the first successful ascent of Adi Kailash was by the British-Scottish-American team composed of Tim Woodward, Jack Pearse, Andy Perkins (UK); Jason Hubert, Martin Welch, Diarmid Hearns, Amanda George (Scotland); and Paul Zuchowski (USA), who did not ascend the final few meter out of respect for the sacred nature of the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Adi Kailash Yatra Circuit</h2><br>
<p>The Adi Kailash Yatra Circuit begins by going up the Darma Valley and then going to Kuthi Yankti valley via the Sin La pass to join the Mount Kailash-Lake Manasarovar Tibetan pilgrimage route down the Sharda River.</p><br>
<p>The Hyde Mansion, originally known as Elmhurst, is a historic house at 616 High Street in Bath, Maine. Now the main building on the Bath campus of The Hyde Schools, it was built in 1913 for John Sedgewick Hyde, the son of Bath Iron Works  founder Thomas W. Hyde. It was designed by John Calvin Stevens, and is an elegant example of Colonial Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hyde Mansion is located on the heights of Bath&#39;s west side, roughly west of the Bath Iron Works complex on the west side of High Street. It is set on a landscaped estate that now houses the facilities of the Hyde School. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building with trim of wood and stone. It is covered by a hip roof, and has extended brick chimneys at either end. A porch extends across the central portion of the front facade, with a narrower porte-cochere extending further out; both are supported by square brick columns with stone capitals. The school has added a modern wing, sympathetic in materials and style, to the south side of the building.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was designed by Maine&#39;s leading architect of the early 20th century, John Calvin Stevens, and was completed in 1913. The grounds on the west side of the house were landscaped in the Italian garden style by Carl Rust Parker, a Portland landscape architect. The mansion was built for John Sedgewick Hyde, the son of Bath Iron Works founder Thomas W. Hyde, on land that had been in the family since the early 19th century. Hyde was then the owner of BIW, having purchased it from Charles M. Schwab in 1905. The younger Hyde is credited with developing the works as a leading naval shipyard in the following decades.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, Hyde&#39;s heirs donated the estate to the Pine Tree Society for Crippled Children, for use as rehabilitation and convalescent facility. In 1966, the estate became the campus of The Hyde Schools. The interior of house was extensively damaged by fire in the 1970s, but was meticulously restored.</p><br>
<p>The Blossom House is a historic house museum on Main Street in Monmouth, Maine. Built about 1808, it is a well-preserved example of a Federal period Cape style house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989, and now serves as a museum for the local historical society.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Blossom House stands in the village of Monmouth, on the west side of Main Street (Maine State Route 132), just south of the Flanders Drive loop which traverses the Monmouth Historical Society&#39;s property. The house is a single-story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a side gable roof, central chimney, and granite foundation. The windows are simply framed, and the entrance is adorned by a five-pane transom window. The interior follows a typical central chimney plan, with a narrow entry vestibule leading to the parlor (right) and kitchen (left). In the rear of the house is a large bedroom with small chambers to either side. The house is attached on its south end to a larger two-story frame building.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built about 1808 by Ansel Blossom, a farmer. It originally had a small addition on the south side, which was replaced in the late 19th century by the present two-story building, when the property was adapted for use as a hotel. It is the town&#39;s only surviving example of early 19th-century residential architecture, retaining period interior and exterior finishes.</p><br>
<p>Riverside Farm is a historic farm complex in rural western Nelson County, Virginia. It is located on the south side of Patrick Henry Highway  west of Roseland, on the western shore of the Tye River. Set on 295 acre, it has a history dating to the early-to-mid 19th century, with the main farm complex set near the center of rolling fields. The main house is an 1841 late Federal period wood frame house, and it is surrounded by a variety of domestic and agricultural outbuildings, including an ice house, poultry house, and smokehouse, all from the 1840s. Near the road stands a secondary complex that includes a mid-19th century tenant house. Development on the farm apparently began between 1831 and 1835 by James D. Goodwin.</p><br>
<p>The farm was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>Skete  is an island that is part of the larger Valaam archipelago in Lake Ladoga in the Republic of Karelia, Russia. Situated directly on the northwestern shore of the island of Valaam, separated in the South-East Sredneaziatskom narrow Strait, and South-West of Moscow channel.</p><br>
<p>Island Skete is high, hilly and covered with pine forest. In the Northern part of the island, there are mountains Big Skete, 52 meters high and the Stone, visible from a distance of 19 miles. The island shores are predominantly rocky, and deeply indented bays that do not have navigational significance.</p><br>
<p>There is a bridge and road to the island of Valaam.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Got its name because it is the Skete of All Saints (aka the White monastery). The monastery was built by Abbot Nazarius in 1789-1793, on the supposed site of a solitary chapel Reverend Alexander Svirsky.</p><br>
<p>In the 18th century there was built a wooden Church in the name of St. Alexander Svirsky. In the middle of the 19th century on the initiative of the hegumen Damaskin of the monastery was rebuilt by the famous Russian architect A. M. with ermine and was a small town-a fortress, framed by magnificent pine, asenapine, fir and oak alleys. Instead of individual cabins there were 8 private buildings and dilapidated single-domed Church has replaced the two-story Church of All Saints. Body, fence and towers of the monastery were painted white, hence its second name — White. The interior of the Church painted by the Valaam masters.</p><br>
<p>It was the most severe on the Charter skete at the monastery: here do not eat meat, fish and dairy food, the pilgrims were allowed here only once a year. It was inhabited by about 20 people. Simply Charter the monastery in 1894, was allowed in nepolnye days to taste the milk. Women can only get here on the feast day with a procession to All Saints day.</p><br>
<p>White skit repeated the fate of Valaam monastery. Of the utensils (including icons V. P. peshekhonova) is now in Finland.</p><br>
<p>On the feast of All Saints in 1993, the Abbot of Valaam monastery hegumen Pankraty (Zherdev), in the lower Church held its first Liturgy over the past half century the "abomination of desolation". In the monastery was restored monastic life in accordance with the earlier Charter.</p><br>
<p>In 2009, addressed the question of renaming the island in honor of, who died in December 2008 of Patriarch Alexy II.</p><br>
<p>The white Hermitage is located in the depths of the island Skitsky, and is the largest and most austere monastery of Valaam. To visit it is possible only with the blessing of the Abbot, therefore, if you are not an Orthodox pilgrim, from the idea to go there to opt out.</p><br>
<p>The Old Gray House, also known as the Hodgden-Merrow House, is a historic house at 60 Tavenner Road, on Sawyers Island in Boothbay, Maine. The house, probably built in the 1820s, but possibly older , is built on a site that has been in documented use since the 1740s. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Gray House stands near the northwestern tip of Sawyer Island, a large island on the west side of the town of Boothbay in the Sheepscot River. It is a two story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. The front facade, facing south, is five bays wide and slightly asymmetrical, with larger bays to the right of the entrance, which is slightly off-center. The entrance is framed by pilasters and topped by a transom window and corniced entablature. An enclosed porch projects to the west side, and a two-story ell extends north from the main block. The interior is well preserved, retaining original plaster, woodwork, and fireplaces.</p><br>
<p>The exact construction date of the house is uncertain, with architectural evidence suggesting a date in the early 19th century. The oldest documentary evidence of the property is a 1746 deed for the entire island, and by 1753 there was a house on the site, which served as a tavern, inn, and store, under the proprietorship of Joseph Patten. In 1774, Benjamin Sawyer acquired ownership of the island, and he continued to operate the businesses on the island until losing it to foreclosure in 1786. The Hodgdon family then owned most of the island into the early 20th century. It is likely that the house was either built or enlarged in the 1820s, giving it its present high-quality Federal period finishes. In 1918 the house was purchased by the Merrow family, which undertook a renovation in consultation with architect Charles Way of Sudbury, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<p>Cape Cort Adelaer , also known as Cape Adelaer, is a headland in the North Atlantic Ocean, southeast Greenland, Sermersooq municipality. This cape is named after Norwegian seaman Cort Adeler  who distinguished himself for services rendered to the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Cape Cort Adelaer is located in the northeast of an irregularly-shaped coastal island located on the northern side of the mouth of the Napasorsuaq Fjord. Cape Daniel Rantzau, the SE headland of the same island is located 7.2 km to the south.</p><br>
<p>Small Uummannaarsuk island lies 2 km to the southeastof the cape.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cape Cort Adelaer weather station was built and staffed on this headland by the Allies during World War II. At that time there was another weather station on Skjoldungen further north up the coast.</p><br>
<p>The Beers and St. John Company Coach Inn is a historic building located west of West Liberty, Iowa, United States. The company was granted the USA Mail delivery contract between Iowa City and Muscatine in 1839 and began service in 1841. Beers and St. John and Egbert T. Smith built this two-story frame structure the following year. At the time, Iowa was still a territory and Iowa City was the capital. It was a swing station where horses and drivers were switched, and it was a crossroads where the Muscatine-Iowa City route crossed with the Davenport-Iowa City route. Smith&#39;s wife died in 1854 and is buried on the property, as is a family who died while staying here. The inn closed in 1855 with the arrival of the railroad, and the building was converted into a house.</p><br>
<p>The basic design of the structure was a copy of Smith&#39;s previous home on Long Island, New York. The siding, windows, doors and interior millwork were constructed in Cincinnati and shipped by steamboat to Iowa. At one time it had an octagonal glass cupola on the roof where they hung a lantern at night so the stagecoach drivers could find the inn. A foyer, a large gathering room and two dining rooms were located on the first floor. The kitchen was in a separate building, and no longer exists. The second floor features four large bedrooms and a smaller room that was used by the stagecoach drivers. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Obi-Rakhmat Grotto is a Middle Paleolithic prehistoric site that yielded Neanderthal fossils. It is a shallow karst cave near the junction of the Chatkal and Pskem Rivers at the southwestern end of the Talassky Alatau Range in the Tien Shan Mountains, 100 km northeast of Tashkent, Uzbekistan.</p><br>
<h2>Excavations</h2><br>
<p>The Obi-Rakhmat Grotto was discovered in 1962 by a team from the Institute of History and Archaeology of Uzbekistan, headed by A. R. Mukhamedzhanov. Initial excavations were carried out under the supervision of M. M. Gerasimov and H. K. Nasretdinov and from 1964 to 1965 by R. H. Suleimanov. An international multidisciplinary team resumed excavations in 1998 under the direction of Anatoly Derevyanko, Andrei Krivoshapkin and Patrick Wrinn.</p><br>
<h2>Stratigraphy</h2><br>
<p>The cave is 9 m long, 20 m wide at the entrance and 11.8 m high and sitting at an elevation of 1,250 m,</p><br>
<p>The sequence of deposits has a depth of about 10 m and divides into 22 stratigraphic units, based on texture and archaeological content. The rich assemblages of lithic artifacts suggest prolonged Neanderthal occupation.</p><br>
<p>Artefacts: core-burins on large flakes, unidirectional blade and flake cores, (mostly retouched blades and retouched pointed blades, while other common types include burins, atypical end scrapers, sidescrapers (grattoir de côté) and Mousterian points) and Levallois forms. The Levallois forms are concentrated in the basal layers, especially stratum 19. The principal raw material is local petrified limestone.</p><br>
<p>Obi-Rakhmats tool industry differs in only minor ways from the classic and elongated Levallois points of Kara-Bom. Obi-Rakhmats finds share features of both the late Middle Paleolithic and the early Upper Paleolithic artifacts of Southwest Asia and the Altai Mountains. It appears that the Upper Paleolithic in the Altai emerged from a local Middle Paleolithic culture established in the area around 100,000 to 50,000 years ago. Based on material of the most recent excavations from 2007 to 2009 there is reason to assume that the Obi-Rakhmat lithic artefacts represent a transitional Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic industry.</p><br>
<p>Stratum 19 seems to represent a series of exceptionally intensive occupational episodes because of the high density of finds and the presence of charcoal, burnt bones and artefacts.</p><br>
<h2>Chronology</h2><br>
<p>(Uranium-thorium datings of travertine sediments range between 70,000–100,000 years BP. These results are less secure due to the high uranium content and the presence of detritus, which contaminates dated sediments. ESR analysis of tooth enamel for eight Bovidae give an age estimation of ca. 57,000 to 73,000 years BP (strata 12–14) and ca. 87,000 years BP (basal stratum 21.1). The preliminary results of OSL dating on sediments from several profile locations gave uniform ages for all cultural successions: stratum 5.1 (56,000 ± 3200 years), stratum 8.1 (60,100 ± 3000 years), and stratum 21.2 (61,400 ± 3600 years):</p><br>
<p>Parts of the sequence is beyond the limit of sensitivity of the C dating method. However layer 9, dated to 42,100 years BP is well within the limit. Possibly, the age of layer 14.1 (48,800 years BP) may be a minimal estimate, but more study is necessary to precisely determine the age. The true age of layer 14 at Obi-Rakhmat site is still open to discussion.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The faunal assemblage is dominated by the Siberian mountain goat (Capra sibirica) and red deer (Cervus elaphus), which constitute 90% of the identified fossils. Other faunal remains include sheep (Ovis sp.), wild boar (Sus scrofa), fox (Vulpes vulpes) and marmot (Marmota sp.). Carnivore remains are rare.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of human modification of the bones including cut marks, conchoidal impact, scars and burning, is consistently present. The lithic artefacts and faunal remains recovered at Obi-Rakhmat suggest that the site was repeatedly used by hominins as a short-term hunting and butchery station.</p><br>
<h2>Hominin remains</h2><br>
<h3>OR 1</h3><br>
<p>In 2003, hominin remains were recovered from stratum 16. They consist of 6 isolated permanent upper teeth and 121 cranial fragments from a single juvenile.</p><br>
<h3>Morphology</h3><br>
<p>Six isolated permanent teeth were found. They consisted of an upper lateral incisor, upper third premolar, upper fourth premolar, upper first molar, and an upper second molar, as well as 121 cranial fragments. All of the teeth found had complete crowns with developed roots. The varying size of the roots in each tooth make it difficult to determine if they are damaged, or the length they are because of development. It was determined that all of the pieces belonged to a 9-12-year-old juvenile. The sex of this particular fossil remains unknown. The teeth found have Neanderthal features, as some of them show Taurodontism, which is primarily found in the Neanderthal morphology. Studies of the pieces of cranium found are more ambiguous and harder to link to Neanderthals. The Parietal bone has a stronger likeness to anatomically modern humans, while other bones of the skull can be linked to Neanderthal craniums. Most researchers believe that this particular fossil is a Neanderthal because of the analysis of its dentition.</p><br>
<p>The Obi-Rakhmat fossil expresses a relatively Neanderthal-like dentition coupled with more ambiguous cranial anatomy (e.g., its parietal size and aspects of the external surface of its temporal) that does not conform to existing descriptions of sub-adult Neanderthals. It represents an individual of roughly 9 to 12 years of age at death, estimated from the examination of relative root development and degree of dental wear.</p><br>
<p>The sub-adult bone yielded non-calibrated dates ranging from 29,990 ± 500 years BP to 37,800 ± 450 years BP. To date, the best chronological estimate for the hominid remains from Obi-Rakhmat is ca. 60,000 to 90,000 years BP and 70,000 years BP.</p><br>
<h3>DNA analysis</h3><br>
<p>The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from the Obi-Rakhmat sub-adult (OR-1) and Teshik Tash child fall within the European Neanderthal mtDNA variation, showing that both individuals belonged to a population related to European and western Asian Neanderthals. However, the Teshik Tash mtDNA sequence seems to be more closely related to the mtDNA sequence from Scladina in western Europe than to the sequence from Okladnikov Cave. The absence of deep mtDNA divergence shows that Central Asian, Caucasian and European Neanderthals were not separated for a long time, supporting the view that Central Asia (most of the Russian plains) was relatively recently colonized by Neanderthals, maybe not before an exceptionally warm episode 125,000 years ago.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Bailey–Roosevelt Lake Historic District encompasses a landscape and buildings developed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in Petit Jean State Park, Conway County, Arkansas. The district includes both Lake Bailey and Roosevelt Lake, man-made by CCC-built dams, along with the waterfall between the two, as well as a boathouse, shelter and bathhouuse, and the Cedar Creek Bridge, which crosses Roosevelt Lake at its outlet. A unique artistic feature built by the CCC are a series of what appear to be wooden stumps poking out of Roosevelt Lake, which are actually built out of concrete. These facilities were built about 1935, and form a subset of park&#39;s surviving CCC architecture.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The Ben Venue Rural Historic District encompasses a large rural historic landscape in northeastern Rappahannock County, Virginia. It is centered on Ben Venue Road, between United States Route 211 in the south and the village of Flint Hill in the north, and encompasses more than 2,600 acre of rural landscape, affording fine panoramic views of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the west. This area was developed agriculturally beginning in the mid-18th century by wealthy Virginia families, around what was one of the region&#39;s first turnpikes, and has maintained its rural character in the intervening centuries. Prominent properties in the district include the 1844 Ben Venue estate and the 1773 Battle Run Primitive Baptist Church.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2016.</p><br>
<p>The North Grinnell Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008. The historic district is a residential area located west of the Grinnell College campus. Of the 157 houses, three-quarters of them are two-story structures. The rest are bungalows, cottages, and post-World War II minimal traditional plans. The vast majority of houses are of frame construction, with a few brick, concrete block, stucco and half-timbered claddings. There are 103 outbuildings, which include garages, barns and carriage houses. Three of the most prominent architectural styles include Neoclassical, Queen Anne and American Craftsman. The historical objects are six concrete hitching posts. Eleven architects are known to have houses in the district. The period of significance is 1867 to 1958.</p><br>
<p>Anorituup Kangerlua, also known as Anoritoq or Anortek Fjord, is a fjord in King Frederick VI Coast, southern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This fjord marks the border between the Sermersooq municipality to the north and the Kujalleq municipality to the south in the eastern coast of Greenland.</p><br>
<p>Anorituup Kangerlua extends in a roughly E/W direction for about 50 km between Napasorsuaq Fjord to the north and Avaqqat Kangerluat Fjord to the south. Kangikitsua is a tributary fjord branching on the southern shore within the fjord. To the east Anorituup Kangerlua opens into the North Atlantic Ocean. The Qulleq group of coastal islands lies to the northeast of the northern end of its mouth.</p><br>
<p>The Akia Peninsula is at the southern end of its mouth and the Anorituup Qeqertag islet cluster at its northern end. Off the southern side of the entrance is Isortoq Bay, with Nuuk Point at its eastern end. There are a number of large glaciers at his head.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>A 1,461.5 m high ultra-prominent peak rises steeply from the shore on the northern side of the fjord at 61&deg;38&prime;51&Prime;N latitude, 43&deg;1&prime;3&Prime;W longitude; Pyramiden is a 1,410 m high rocky pyramidal peak rising a little further north above the glacier entering the confluence at the head of the fjord from the east at 61&deg;38&prime;51&Prime;N latitude, 43&deg;1&prime;3&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The Grinnell Herald Building is a historic structure located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. The Herald was established in 1869 with the Rev. J. M. Hillyer as the first editor. Lowrie Frisbie began his 50-year tenure as its editor in the early 20th-century. In its early years the newspaper was housed in numerous buildings in the citys central business district. Its owners put up this Neoclassical brick building in 1916. It was designed by the prominent Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson. The same year the Heralds competitor, the Grinnell Register, erected their own building. The two newspapers merged in 1936 to form the Grinnell Herald-Register. They choose this building to house their operations, and it continues to do so. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Main Street Historic District encompasses the historic commercial heart of Rockland, Maine. Located on several blocks of Main Street , the district has a well-preserved collection of commercial architecture dating from the mid-19th to early 20th centuries, the period of the city&#39;s height as a shipbuilding and industrial lime processing center. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978, and enlarged in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The area that is now Rockland was settled as part of Thomaston in the late 18th century. The citys harbor proved a good shipbuilding location, and the areas limestone were developed as a locally significant lime-burning industry, with kilns lining parts of the shore. The area was incorporated as East Thomaston in 1848, and reincorporated as the city of Rockport in 1854. The city&#39;s early 19th-century downtown was largely destroyed by a series of fires in 1853. As a consequence, the new downtown that was built up with a significant number of Italianate brick buildings.</p><br>
<p>The historic district, as originally listed in 1978, extended along Main Street, from Winter Street to the municipal parking lot entrance north of Tillson Avenue on the east side, and from Museum Street to Limerock Street on the west side. Prominent buildings in the district include the 1912 Colonial Revival Security Trust Building, designed by Boston architect R. Clipstone Sturgis, and the 1854 Farnsworth Homestead. a centerpiece of the Farnsworth Art Museum.</p><br>
<p>Qit&#39;at Jaradah is a cay in the Persian Gulf to the east of Bahrain Island, located 32 km east of Manama, the capital of Bahrain. Historically, the feature is above water only during spring low tide; it sits approximately mid-way between Bahrain and Qatar, within the 12 mi territorial waters of both countries. It was one of several maritime features contributing to a long running dispute between Bahrain and Qatar.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>While historically Qit&#39;at Jaradah has not been considered an island, Bahrain claimed in 2000 that the cay measured approximately 12x4 m at high tide with an elevation of approximately 0.4 m, and 600x75 m at low tide. The opposing view is that it is a low-tide elevation. The feature is uninhabited and without vegetation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bahrain first claimed ownership of the cay in 1936, supported by the British Maritime Boundary Award of 1947. Qitat Jaradah would be in Qatari waters with respect to the equidistant line that otherwise divides the nations in this area. The British were influenced by the de facto operations of oil companies at the time. Although awarded to Bahrain, the feature was not classified as an island with territorial waters of 3 mi. This was consistent with the definition of an island of the Geneva Conference of 1958, which required an island to be above water at high tide. However, in 1959 the British attempted to reclassify Qitat Jaradah as an island, as did the government of Bahrain in 1964. Qatar rejected this claim in 1965 and then sought international arbitration. Nothing resulted, since neither nation was a member of the United Nations until 1971. By 1986, Qatar declared several disputed areas, including Qit&#39;at Jaradah, as military zones. As the two parties neared conflict, tensions were reduced under pressure from Oman, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE to resume the status quo ante. Saudi Arabia, through the Gulf Cooperation Council, attempted to negotiate a permanent agreement but was unsuccessful. In 1991, Qatar again sought arbitration by the International Court of Justice at the Hague.</p><br>
<h3>2003 International Court of Justice ruling</h3><br>
<p>In 2003, the International Court of Justice ruled by a 12–5 vote that Qitat Jaradah was an island and that sovereignty belonged to Bahrain, although dissenting opinions questioned whether it should be considered an island given its small size, variable physical characteristics, and lack of firm ground. The courts ruling stated that "the activities carried out by Bahrain on that island must be considered sufficient to support Bahrains claim that it has sovereignty over it." Bahrains activities on the "island" included placing a navigation beacon, drilling an artesian well, and permitting fishing and oil exploration. This conclusion could not have been reached if the court had not ruled it an island, as sovereignty can be acquired by occupation only of an island, not a low-tide elevation. Qatar had argued that it had never been shown on navigation charts as an island and that even if not always completely submerged at high-tide, it still shouldn&#39;t be considered an island.</p><br>
<p>Mountain View Stock Farm, now known as Tylord Farm, is a historic estate farm on Vermont Route 22A in Benson, Vermont. Developed in the early 20th century around a late 18th-century farmhouse, the farm was renowned in the state for its breeding of Kentucky saddle horses and Chester White hogs. The farm complex also has architecturally distinctive Colonial Revival styling. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Mountain View Stock Farm is located east of the central village of Benson, on a property roughly bisected by Vermont Route 22A, the main north-south route through the community. It consists of 55 acre, mainly rolling fields, with broad views across the fields to the east. The buildings of the farm are clustered in three areas along the road, with the main house in the northernmost group. It is a T-shaped two-story wood frame structure, set on the west side of the road, with a gabled roof and clapboard siding. A two-story gabled portico projects in front, supported by slender round columns, a porte-cochere extends to the right, and en enclosed porch, topped by a balustrade, extends to the left. Nearby stand a 20th-century barn and indoor riding arena. A second house, along with barn, creamery, and cattle shelter, are clustered about 500 ft to the south, and a third cluster including another house is another 800 ft down the road.</p><br>
<p>The early history of the farm property is reflective of general trends in the area. First granted in 1788, it was owned in the early 19th century by Chauncey Smith, a prominent local physician and politician. The farm was first used for mixed crop production, and by 1850 was one of the towns most successful dairy farms, at a time when many local farmers were breeding sheep. In 1901 the property was purchased by Charles B. Parsons, president of the St. Joseph Lead Company of Missouri; Parsons grandfather had been a tenant farmer on the land under Smith. Under Parsons the farm was enlarged and the house given its present Colonial Revival styling. His successor, William R. Bush, introduced the Chester White hog breed to the area, and expanded the farm to its greatest extent, about 1,200 acre. Now reduced to a more modest acreage, it has been used since the 1970s for the breeding of horses.</p><br>
<p>The Interior Telephone Company Building is a historic structure located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. Iowa was one of the leading Midwest states to adopt the telephone as a means of communication. By 1920 86% of the states farms had a telephone. The Interior Telephone Company was established to serve the Grinnell area. It was one of two companies to provide the service locally, and one of 500 independent telephone companies that provided local service and connected to the Bell System for long distance. Interior Telephone built this building to house its operations in 1912. It is a one-story brick structure built over a raised basement. The telephone equipment was housed in the basement, and office space was located on the main floor. The building was built to stand apart from the surrounding buildings, perhaps as a means for fire protection. The companys initials, I.T.C., are part of the brickwork on both side of the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad-Grinnell Passenger Station, also known as the Grinnell Union Depot, is an historic building located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. The Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad built the first tracks through the area in 1863, and they built a simple frame depot the same year. The Central Railroad of Iowa extended its north-south line to Grinnell nine years later. The Chicago and North Western Railroad eventually acquired the Central Railroad. The old depot became too small and this one replaced it in 1893. It was designed by the Rock Island Lines,and built by a local contractor. The one-story, brick structure follows a square plan with a round corner tower at the junction of the two tracks. The tower provided the station agent with a clear view in all directions. The building now houses a restaurant. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Stewart Library is a historic building located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. Joel Stewart was a farmer, banker, and state legislator who was known for his philanthropic activities. Included in these activities was the organization and construction of a public library for Grinnell. He planned for the structure, superintended the construction, and turned it over to the city free and clear. It was dedicated on May 9, 1902. The three-story, brick building follows the Romanesque Revival style, and contains 5,458.8 ft&sup2; of space. They took ownership of the building in July 2013 with the understanding that they would make the necessary infrastructure improvements. The meeting room on the top floor was converted into the Loft Theatre, and it opened in August 2014. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The Pioneer Oil Company Filling Station is a historic building located in Grinnell, Iowa, United States. The northern half of the building dates back to the 1920s when it was associated with a local farmers&#39; cooperative. One of the services they provided was selling gasoline. The building was expanded in 1931 into a more traditional filling station as selling fuel became a more prominent part of the operation. The building attained its present appearance in 1937 when the service bays and the decorative brick veneer were added. It retained its original name, "Pioneer Oil Company," throughout its time as a service station even though it became affiliated with Mobilgas in 1936. That affiliation ended in 1962. During World War II it became a tire inspection center under the wartime tire rationing program. The service station ceased operations around 2004. The building was re-purposed into the Mobil Wash and Wax, an automotive detailing business located in the service bays, and the Candyland Cafe in the northern portion of the building. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
